MedWorm: Concerta

  DAYTRANA (Methylphenidate) Patch [Shire US Manufacturing Inc.]

Updated Date: Mar 15, 2010 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Motor function and methylphenidate effect in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the probability of positive effect of central stimulants on core problems of ADHD is higher when motor problems are present in addition to ADHD symptoms, than when motor problems are absent. (Source: Acta Paediatrica)

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  Exercise impact on sustained attention of ADHD children, methylphenidate effects

The objective of our study was to test the hypothesis that central CA are responsible for the increase in speed reaction seen after physical activity (PA) and to measure the impact of high intensity PA on the sustained attention of 25 children diagnosed with ADHD consistent with the Disease Statistical Mental-IV (DSM-IV) criteria. It is possible that practicing sports assists in the management of the disorder. The children were divided between users (US) and non-users (NUS) of methylphenidate (MTP), and the groups were compared to evaluate the effect of the drug on cognition after PA. Post-exercise performance on Conner’s Continuous Performance Test-II (CPT) was not affected by MTP, we observed significant improvements in response time, and we saw normalization in the impulsivity a...

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  Diurnal differences in memory and learning in young and adult rats treated with methylphenidate

Abstract  Methylphenidate (MPH) is a very effective treatment option for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nevertheless, there have been inconsistent reports regarding the effects of MPH on learning and memory. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the treatment with MPH during the morning differs from that during the night on learning and memory (short and long term) in young and adult male Wistar rats. The animals received once daily intraperitoneal injection of either MPH (2 mg/kg) or saline (0.9%) for 28 days (either in the morning or at night). The animals underwent two behavioral tasks to evaluate learning and memory: inhibitory avoidance task and continuous multiple trials step-down inhibitory avoidance (CMIA). ...

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  Methylphenidate enhances prepulse inhibition during processing of task-relevant stimuli in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

ADHD is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and disinhibition, including the inability to screen out distracting stimuli. Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle indexes a related gating process and is enhanced during attended compared to ignored stimuli. We predicted that PPI during attended stimuli would be enhanced by the stimulant methylphenidate (MPH) and that this effect would be moderated by baseline PPI. Children with ADHD (n=36) completed a baseline day and a randomized, double-blind medication trial (placebo vs. sustained release MPH). Bilateral startle eyeblink EMG was measured during a tone discrimination task. MPH enhanced PPI during attended, but not during ignored stimuli. Extending findings that pretreatment functioning moderates stimulant effects on PPI, this effect ...

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  Ritalin Boosts Learning by Increasing Brain Plasticity, According to UCSF Research

Doctors treat millions of children with Ritalin every year to improve their ability to focus on tasks, but scientists now report that Ritalin also directly enhances the speed of learning. (PRWeb Mar 9, 2010) Read the full story at http://www.prweb.com/releases/UCSF/Ritalin_Study/prweb3693334.htm (Source: PRWeb: Medical Pharmaceuticals)

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  METHYLPHENIDATE (Methylphenidate Hydrochloride) Tablet [STAT RX USA LLC]

Updated Date: Mar 9, 2010 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Sustained release methylphenidate for the treatment of ADHD in amphetamine abusers: A pilot study

Abstract: The efficacy of stimulant treatment in patients with substance use disorders and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been tested for cocaine and alcohol dependence but so far no studies have been conducted in amphetamine dependent individuals.The present trial was a pilot study aiming to test the feasibility of treating amphetamine dependent patients with comorbid ADHD with central stimulant medication. The study was a double-blind, placebo controlled trial with parallel groups design comparing the efficacy of a fixed dose (72mg) of OROS methylphenidate (MPH) with placebo (PL) in reducing ADHD symptoms in currently abstinent adults with amphetamine dependence and ADHD. Twenty-four treatment seeking patients who met the DSM IV criteria for amphetamine depe...

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  Ritalin boosts learning by increasing brain plasticity

Doctors treat millions of children with Ritalin every year to improve their ability to focus on tasks, but scientists now report that Ritalin also directly enhances the speed of learning. (Source: ScienceDaily Headlines)

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  Ritalin boosts learning

Doctors treat millions of children with Ritalin every year to improve their ability to focus on tasks, but researchers now report that Ritalin also directly enhances the speed of learning. In animal research, the researchers showed for the first time that Ritalin boosts both of these cognitive abilities by increasing the activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine deep inside the brain. Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers neurons use to communicate with each other. They release the molecule, which then docks onto receptors of other neurons. The research demonstrated that one type of dopamine receptor aids the ability to focus, and another type improves the learning itself........ (Source: Medicineworld.org: New Article Alert)

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  Ritalin May Make Learning Easier

A drug used to treat ADHD in children may also make it easier to take in new information. (Source: WDSU.com - Health)

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  Ritalin Boosts Learning By Increasing Brain Plasticity

Doctors treat millions of children with Ritalin every year to improve their ability to focus on tasks, but scientists now report that Ritalin also directly enhances the speed of learning. In animal research, the scientists showed for the first time that Ritalin boosts both of these cognitive abilities by increasing the activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine deep inside the brain. Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers neurons use to communicate with each other. They release the molecule, which then docks onto receptors of other neurons... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

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  Ritalin Boosts Learning By Increasing Brain Plasticity

Doctors treat millions of children with Ritalin every year to improve their ability to focus on tasks, but scientists now report that Ritalin also directly enhances the speed of learning. In animal research, the scientists showed for the first time that Ritalin boosts both of these cognitive abilities by increasing the activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine deep inside the brain... (Source: Pediatrics News From Medical News Today)

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  Ritalin Boosts Learning Ability

Ritalin boosts learning by increasing brain plasticity - Doctors treat millions of children with Ritalin every year to improve their ability to focus on tasks, but scientists now report that Ritalin also directly enhances the speed of learning. (Source: Disabled World)

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  Ritalin boosts learning by increasing brain plasticity

(University of California - San Francisco) Doctors treat millions of children with Ritalin every year to improve their ability to focus on tasks, but scientists now report that Ritalin also directly enhances the speed of learning. (Source: EurekAlert! - Medicine and Health)

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  Methylphenidate-induced impulsivity: pharmacological antagonism by {beta}-adrenoreceptor blockade

This article examined the relative roles of noradrenaline and dopamine in the modulation of methylphenidate-induced impulsive responding in rats performing the 5-choice serial reaction time task. Experiment 1 examined the systemic antagonism of methylphenidate-induced impulsivity with either propranolol, a β-adrenoreceptor blocker, or prazosin, an 1-adrenoreceptor antagonist, which antagonises the locomotor activating effects of amphetamine. Propranolol completely abolished methylphenidate-induced impulsivity. This effect was centrally rather than peripherally mediated, as nadolol, a peripheral β-blocker failed to affect methylphenidate-induced premature responding. Prazosin partially attenuated the methylphenidate-mediated increase in premature responding. A second experiment ex...

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  A pilot study to evaluate a community pharmacy–based monitoring system to identify adverse drug reactions associated with paediatric medicines use

Conclusions  The proposed ADR monitoring system identified expected ADRs thus demonstrating face and content validity for our approach. However the process was limited by low community pharmacist participation rates and low questionnaire return rates. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Pharmacoepidemiology and PrescriptionDOI 10.1007/s00228-010-0790-9Authors Mansour Tobaiqy, The University of Aberdeen Division of Applied Health Sciences, The Aberdeen Medical School Abeerden UKDerek Stewart, Robert Gordon University School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences Abeerden UKPeter J. Helms, The University of Aberdeen Division of Applied Health Sciences, The Aberdeen Medical School Abeerden UKChristine Bond, The University of Aberdeen Department of General Justice, The Aberdeen M...

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  Doritos ads represent sick, demented nature of junk food companies and their products

(NaturalNews) Junk food advertising has reached a new low with the recent Doritos "Crash the Super Bowl" ads which portray Doritos consumers as violent murderers who will kill fellow human beings to get a bag of Doritos.One Doritos ad portrays a man backing out of a parking lot when his car strikes an innocent person who drops a bag of Doritos and falls to the ground behind the car. Rather than trying to help the innocent victim, this man throws his car into reverse and drives over the victim, killing him with the vehicle and stealing the bag of Doritos.The message? Doritos are so valuable that it's okay to kill people just to score a bag. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1T_DiTPoy-A)A second Doritos ad shows two loser-looking gym bums being attacked by an insane junk food ninja who uses Do...

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  Chronic Ritalin Use and Cancer

(Source: Journal of Attention Disorders)

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  Methylphenidate (Ritalin) and acute myocardial infarction

3 out of 5 stars Acute Myocardial Infarction Related to Methylphenidate for Adult Attention Deficit Disorder.  Thompson J et al.  J Emerg Med 2010;38:18-21. Abstract This case report describes at 27-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with an acute anterolateral myocardial infarction after taking several extra doses of methylphenidate (Ritalin®) prescribed for adult attention deficit disorder, along with pseudoephedrine.  Cardiac catheterization showed normal coronary arteries, inferolateral hypokinesis, and an ejection fraction of 50%.  He was discharged after two days, at which time an echocardiogram showed an ejection fraction of 55% and no wall motion abnormalities.  The authors make the following points: • methylphenidate is a psychostimulant with effects si...

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  Books: Doing an About-Face on ‘Overmedicated’ Children

Judith Warner thought she would find pushy parents and irresponsible doctors behind children on drugs like Ritalin and Prozac. She did not. (Source: NYT > Health)

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  Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for cocaine dependence.

CONCLUSIONS: This review found mixed results, therefore evidence of the efficacy of psychostimulants for cocaine dependence is inconclusive. Nevertheless promising results exist for methadone maintained dual heroin-cocaine addicts and for some specific drugs such as dexamphetamine and bupropion. PMID: 20166094 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews)

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  Trends in Incidence and Characteristics of Children, Adolescents, and Adults Initiating Immediate- or Extended-Release Methylphenidate or Atomoxetine in The Netherlands During 2001–2006

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology Feb 2010, Vol. 20, No. 1: 55-61. (Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology)

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  Plasma Methylphenidate Concentrations in Youths Treated with High-Dose Osmotic Release Oral System Formulation

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology Feb 2010, Vol. 20, No. 1: 49-54. (Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology)

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  Predicting Methylphenidate Response in Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial

Conclusions MPH significantly reduces attention problems in a subset of childhood cancer survivors. Parent and teacher ratings may assist in identifying children most likely to respond to MPH so prescribing may be optimally targeted. (Source: Journal of Pediatric Psychology)

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  Prepuberal subchronic methylphenidate and atomoxetine induce different long-term effects on adult behaviour and forebrain dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin in naples high-excitability rats.

PREPUBERAL SUBCHRONIC METHYLPHENIDATE AND ATOMOXETINE INDUCE DIFFERENT LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON ADULT BEHAVIOUR AND FOREBRAIN DOPAMINE, NOREPINEPHRINE AND SEROTONIN IN NAPLES HIGH-EXCITABILITY RATS. Behav Brain Res. 2010 Feb 12; Authors: Ruocco LA, Carnevale UA, Treno C, Sadile AG, Melisi D, Arra C, Ibba M, Schirru C, Carboni E The psychostimulant methylphenidate and the non-stimulant atomoxetine are two approved drugs for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of prepuberal subchronic methylphenidate and atomoxetine on adult behaviour and the forebrain neurotransmitter and metabolite content of Naples High-Excitability (NHE) rats, a genetic model for the mesocortical variant of ADHD. Male NHE rats wer...

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  My Diagnosis is Killing Me!

   I used to find it somewhat odd, looking around my ex-psychiatrist's office, to see how many promotional items he had scattered around. There were Pfizer note pads, Prozac pens, Merck coffee cups, an Adderal wastebasket, and Eli Lilly toilet paper.<!--break-->I'm exaggerating, but not by much; the shelf in his foyer was stacked high with boxes of this stuff, as well as countless free samples of the actual medications. Often, before my session would start, I shared the waiting room with a well-groomed, young, salesman-type who was apparently the Fuller Brush Man of Psychiatry, anxious to unload his free wares, hoping, I supposed, that when my doctor picked up a monogrammed GlaxoSmithKline ballpoint pen to write me a prescription, he might be more inclined to go with P...

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  Liking and wanting of drug and non-drug rewards in active cocaine users: the STRAP-R questionnaire

The objective of this study is to assess ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’ of expected ‘drug’ rewards as compared to ‘food’ and ‘sex’ while respondents report about three different situations (‘current’, and hypothetical ‘in general’, and ‘under drug influence’). In all, 20 cocaine-addicted individuals (mean abstinence = 2 days) and 20 healthy control subjects were administered the STRAP-R (Sensitivity To Reinforcement of Addictive and other Primary Rewards) questionnaire after receiving an oral dose of the dopamine agonist methylphenidate (20 mg) or placebo. The reinforcers’ relative value changed within the addicted sample when reporting about the ‘under drug influence’ situation (drug ...

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  NK1 (TACR1) receptor gene 'knockout' mouse phenotype predicts genetic association with ADHD

In conclusion, our proposal that NK1R–/– mice offer a mouse model of ADHD was borne out by our human studies, which suggest that DNA sequence changes in and around the TACR1 gene increase susceptibility to this disorder. (Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology)

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  RITALIN (Methylphenidate Hydrochloride) Tablet RITALIN (Methylphenidate Hydrochloride) Tablet, Extended Release [Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation]

Updated Date: Feb 2, 2010 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Psychiatric comorbidity among children and adolescents with and without persistent attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Conclusion: Reduced ADHD symptoms at adolescence may not lead to decreased risks for psychiatric comorbidity, and identification of severe ADHD symptoms at childhood and age-specific comorbid patterns throughout the developmental stage is important to offset the long-term adverse psychiatric outcomes of ADHD. PMID: 20113302 [PubMed - in process] (Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry)

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  Stimulant May Affect Adolescents' CV Systems

Major Findings: Patients' mean heart rate increased significantly from 82 beats per minute at baseline to around 86 beats per minute at week 6 and at 6 months of using the OROS methylphenidate. (Source: Clinical Psychiatry News)

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  ADHD stimulants and their effect on height in children.

Authors: Goldman RD QUESTION: Many more children today are diagnosed and treated for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Parents frequently ask me if the stimulant medications their children receive might affect their height as adults. What should I tell them? ANSWER: Stimulant medications, including methylphenidate and amphetamine, are safe and effective in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Research on the issue of growth suppression is lacking, mostly owing to insufficient follow-up on patients' final heights. In general, the rate of height loss seems relatively small and is likely reversible with withdrawal of treatment. Clinical presentation and academic achievements should be the key to determining which drug to prescribe, the preparatio...

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  Treatment of Catatonia With Methylphenidate in an Elderly Patient With Depression [CASE REPORTS]

DISCUSSION: Methylphenidate may be effective as an adjunct in elderly depression patients with catatonia, as well as in medically ill, apathetic patients. However, there have been few attempts to study the role of psychostimulants in alleviating catatonia in general, or catatonia associated specifically with an underlying depressive disorder, even though catatonia is frequently associated with mood disorders. (Source: Psychosomatics)

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  Pharmacotherapy for treatment of attention deficits after non-progressive acquired brain injury. A systematic review.

CONCLUSION: Although there is lack of robust evidence to recommend the routine use of medication to improve attention after traumatic brain injury and stroke, the existing evidence indicates potential for benefit in some patents and therefore further research is warranted. PMID: 20103574 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Clinical Rehabilitation)

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  [Methylphenidate : Therapy option for adults with ADHD and comorbid substance use disorder?]

Authors: Paslakis G, Kiefer F, Diehl A, Alm B, Sobanski E Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults is often associated with a comorbid substance use disorder (SUD). To date, no treatment algorithms are available. The question of whether the administration of methylphenidate (MPH) is justified in the treatment of adult patients with ADHD and comorbid SUD still remains unclear. While animal studies indicate an addictive potential of intravenous application of the drug, controlled oral treatment with MPH does not seem to carry the potential for abuse in humans. It remains controversial whether MPH treatment of ADHD during childhood protects against the development of SUD during adulthood. Although data remain inconsistent, a small number of studies and our own clinical ob...

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  Pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate in oral fluid and sweat of a pediatric subject

We report the excretion profile of MHP and its metabolite ritalinic acid (RA) in oral fluid and sweat from a 12-year-old boy treated with the extended release drug formulation.Concentrations of MPH and RA in oral fluid, sweat and plasma were measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Oral fluid-to-plasma ratio at each time interval was calculated at the start of the treatment and correlated with salivary pH. Excretion of MPH in sweat patches, collected up to 24h with PharmChek patches was also investigated.MPH and RA were both detected in oral fluid with a pharmacokinetic profile similar to that in plasma. Oral fluid peak concentrations of MPH ranged between 13.5 and 30.9ng/mL at 3.0h after drug intake. Oral fluid-to-plasma MPH ratio between 13.1 and 3.2 demonstrated an accumul...

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  Guidelines on drug use in children with ADHD issued

Updated guidelines on the safe use of methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been issued by the MHRA. (Source: HealthcareRepublic Independent Nurse News)

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  Are GPs adequately equipped with the knowledge for educating and counseling of families with ADHD children?

Conclusions: As many other countries worldwide, the knowledge of GPs about ADHD should be improved. They do not asses and manage children with probable ADHD by themselves without referring to related professionals. They do not opt for the use of methylphenidate. (Source: BMC Family Practice)

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  Identification of Selected Therapeutic Agents as Inhibitors of Carboxylesterase 1: Potential Sources of Metabolic Drug Interactions.

In conclusion, drug-drug interactions with MPH are likely mediated via CES1 inhibition as a result of concomitant drug therapies. CES1 inhibition represents an overlooked and little studied source of variability in MPH disposition, tolerability, and response. PMID: 20097249 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Toxicology)

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  The multifaceted effects of oral administration of methylphenidate in juvenile rats: Anxiety, activity, and attention

Abstract: In previous studies, acutely administered oral methylphenidate (MPD, 3mg/kg) prior to testing improved performance on the radial arm maze in juvenile rats. In order to examine the mechanisms producing this improvement we administered MPD once prior to each test of anxiety, locomotor activity and attention. On postnatal day (PND) 22 on an elevated plus maze, rats spent more time beyond the rails on the open arms and showed altered risk-assessment behaviors suggesting an anxiolytic-like effect of MPD. Grid crossings on the plus maze indicated that MPD increased locomotor activity, as did activity recording on PND 23. In another group of juveniles, MPD improved performance in a multi-trial attention task in an age-dependent fashion. These data suggest that oral MPD has multifaceted ...

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  Clinical and cognitive response to extended-release methylphenidate (Medikinet(R)) in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Efficacy evaluation.

CONCLUSION: Mph-ER improved attention and self-control from a clinical and cognitive point of view. Of those studied, the CPT-II was the most effective neuropsychological test for monitoring efficacy of Mph in the short-term. PMID: 20082241 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Therapy)

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  Les Iversen appointed chairman of drugs advisory group

Retired pharmacology professor Les Iversen succeeds David Nutt, who was sacked for criticising government policyA retired Oxford pharmacology professor, Les Iversen, has been appointed interim chairman of the government's advisory committee on the misuse of drugs.The appointment for a period of 12 months follows the sacking of the previous chairman, Professor David Nutt, for "crossing a line" by repeatedly criticising the government's decision to toughen the laws on cannabis, which he argued was less harmful than alcohol or nicotine.Iversen, who is perhaps a more measured figure than Nutt, has been chairing the council's technical committee, which produced controversial reports on ecstasy and cannabis advising against reclassification.He is an authority on the actions of drugs on the brain...

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  New chairman of drugs advisory group appointed

Retired pharmacology professor Les Iversen succeeds David Nutt, who was sacked for criticising government policyA retired Oxford pharmacology professor, Les Iversen, has been appointed interim chairman of the government's advisory committee on the misuse of drugs.The appointment for a period of 12 months follows the sacking of the previous chairman, Professor David Nutt, for "crossing a line" by repeatedly criticising the government's decision to toughen the laws on cannabis, which he argued was less harmful than alcohol or nicotine.Iversen, who is perhaps a more measured figure than Nutt, has been chairing the council's technical committee, which produced controversial reports on ecstasy and cannabis advising against reclassification.He is an authority on the actions of drugs on the brain...

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  MHRA Drug Safety Update: New patient information for methylphenidate

Source: MHRA Area: News A 'hot topic' article in the January 2010 issue of Drug Safety Update from the MHRA advises healthcare professionals of changes to methylphenidate product information.   The design and content of the Patient Information Leaflets (PILs) for methylphenidate products are being updated with the latest guidance on safe and effective use for patients and carers. Examples of these leaflets can be found at the link below.     Healthcare professionals are reminded of updated guidance from the MHRA on the safer use of methylphenidate, which recommends that patients should have careful ongoing monitoring during treatment, and that the need for long-term treatment is re-evaluated at least yearly. The product information for prescribers of methylphen...

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  CONCERTA (Methylphenidate Hydrochloride) Tablet, Extended Release [Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ]

Updated Date: Jan 12, 2010 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  CONCERTA (Methylphenidate Hydrochloride) Tablet, Extended Release [Caremark L.L.C.]

Updated Date: Jan 12, 2010 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  [Antipsychotic agents and stimulants: a judicious combination?]

Authors: de Jong MH, Eussen ML, van Gool AR A 31-year-old male, diagnosed with schizophrenia and receiving maintenance treatment with olanzapine, was prescribed methylphenidate for comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd). The adhd symptoms diminished and there were hardly any side-effects. No increase in psychotic symptoms occurred. The patient used far fewer amphetamines and benzodiazepines. In theory, stimulants and antipsychotics produce opposite effects. Relevant literature on the subject is discussed. PMID: 20054798 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie)

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  CONCERTA (Methylphenidate Hydrochloride) Tablet, Extended Release [Caremark L.L.C.]

Updated Date: Jan 8, 2010 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Daytrana (Methylphenidate Transdermal) - updated on RxList

Daytrana (Methylphenidate Transdermal) drug description - FDA approved labeling for prescription drugs and medications at RxList (Source: RxList - New and Updated Drug Monographs)

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  Response to methylphenidate is not influenced by DAT1 polymorphisms in a sample of Brazilian adult patients with ADHD

Abstract  Several lines of evidence suggest a relevant role for the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene not only as a susceptibility factor for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but also as a predictor of individual methylphenidate (MPH) response. Pharmacogenetic studies of MPH response in ADHD have mainly focused on the 40-bp variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the 3′ untranslated region (3′-UTR) of DAT1. Most studies were performed in samples of children and conflicting findings were obtained. Only two studies have assessed 3′-VNTR in samples of adults—one with positive and the other with negative findings. In the present study, we investigate three potentially relevant polymorphisms in DAT1 gene (−839 C > T; Int8 VNTR and 3′-VN...

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  A PET study examining pharmacokinetics and dopamine transporter occupancy of two long-acting formulations of methylphenidate in adults.

In this study, 21 healthy volunteers underwent PET imaging with 11C Altropane before and after administration of oral doses of DBDS-MPH and OROS-MPH. Each subject received 40 mg DBDS-MPH and 36 mg OROS-MPH on different days. PET imaging occurred at 10 h after dosing. Each subject was injected with 5 mCi of 11C Altropane and serial images of the brain were acquired over 60 min with a Siemens HR+ PET camera. Binding potentials (BP, k3/k4) were calculated from time-activity curves using the simplified reference region method with cerebellum as reference. Transporter occupancy was calculated by standard methods. At 10 h, plasma d-MPH levels were lower (3.8+/-1.2 vs. 5.2+/-2.0) and brain DAT occupancy was lower (34.8+/-12.9 vs. 44.3+/-11.8) for DBDS-MPH than OROS-MPH. Across the range of values...

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  2009 in review: A year of FDA censorship, Big Pharma crimes and celebrity drug deaths

(NaturalNews) 2009 has been a crazy year for health and medicine. It was the year that Congress rammed through a mandatory health "reform" bill that violates the U.S. Constitution in forcing all Americans to buy government-mandated products and services from greedy corporations. Although it hasn't been signed into law yet, the very fact that it has been passed by both the House and the Senate is alarming: America is just one signature away from becoming a medical dictatorship.But that's not the only big health news that happened in 2009. In all, 2009 was a year of corruption, scientific fraud and health freedom oppression. Here are some of the highlights:The FDAThe FDA was hit hard in 2009 was accusations of corruption and criminal behavior. In January, the FDA's own scientists accused man...

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  CBT Helpful in Comorbid ADHD/Substance Use

Major finding: Significant improvement in ADHD symptoms and a sharp reduction in substance use were observed, regardless of whether adolescents received OROS-MPH (Concerta) or placebo. (Source: Family Practice News)

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  Ritalin Linked With Sudden Death of Children

(NaturalNews) Research from The National Institute of Mental Health has revealed that popular Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) drugs like Ritalin are responsible for causing sudden death in many children. Study numbers indicate a 500 percent increased risk in childhood death from taking such mental health drugs.For years, many experts, scientists, and health practitioners have speculated that ADD drugs are dangerous and can cause serious injury and death. Etta Brown, a licensed educational psychologist and author of Learning Disabilities: Understanding the Problem and Managing the Challenges explained in response to the study that drugs like Ritalin actually destroy the neural function in children's brains. As a result, children who have undergone treatment with Ritalin will actually have ...

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  Autism has Reached Crisis Proportions

(NaturalNews) Autism was first brought forth to the public's attention in the 1950's. Since then, it has been rising steadily. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recently released that today 1 in 110 children are autistic. More alarming is the fact that on December 18, 2009, it reported that autism increased by 57% in the last four years.Most experts attribute the cause of autism to be unknown, defining it as a combination of genetic and environmental factors. However, there has been much controversy as to what, indeed, is responsible for our children not being able to communicate, form relationships, and/or respond to their surroundings.The most popular of these controversies is vaccines, pointing directly to the Mumps-Measles-Rubella vaccine and the mercury based preserva...

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  The sleep of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on and off methylphenidate: a matched case–control study

In the present study, we assessed the effects of regular use of methylphenidate medication in children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on sleep timing, duration and sleep architecture. Twenty-seven children aged 6[ndash]12 years meeting diagnostic criteria for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV ADHD and 27 control children matched for age (±3 months) and gender. Two nights of standard polysomnographic (PSG) recordings were conducted. ADHD children were allocated randomly to an on- or 48 h off-methylphenidate protocol for first or second recordings. Control children's recordings were matched for night, but no medication was used. Mixed modelling was employed in the analyses so that the full data set was used to determine the degree of medication eff...

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  The sleep of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on and off methylphenidate: a matched case-control study.

Authors: Galland BC, Tripp EG, Taylor BJ Summary In the present study, we assessed the effects of regular use of methylphenidate medication in children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on sleep timing, duration and sleep architecture. Twenty-seven children aged 6-12 years meeting diagnostic criteria for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV ADHD and 27 control children matched for age (+/-3 months) and gender. Two nights of standard polysomnographic (PSG) recordings were conducted. ADHD children were allocated randomly to an on- or 48 h off-methylphenidate protocol for first or second recordings. Control children's recordings were matched for night, but no medication was used. Mixed modelling was employed in the analyses so that the full data set wa...

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  Adverse Reactions to Methylphenidate Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Structure and Associations with Clinical Characteristics and Symptom Control

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology Dec 2009, Vol. 19, No. 6: 683-690. (Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology)

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  Measuring Methylphenidate Response in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactvity Disorder: How Are Laboratory Classroom-Based Measures Related to Parent Ratings?

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology Dec 2009, Vol. 19, No. 6: 691-698. (Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology)

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  Predictive Factors for Persistent Use and Compliance of Immediate-Release Methylphenidate: A 36-Month Naturalistic Study

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology Dec 2009, Vol. 19, No. 6: 673-681. (Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology)

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  METHYLPHENIDATE (Methylphenidate Hydrochloride) Tablet METHYLPHENIDATE (Methylphenidate Hydrochloride) Tablet [Physicians Total Care, Inc.]

Updated Date: Dec 22, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  The effects of adolescent methylphenidate self-administration on responding for a conditioned reward, amphetamine-induced locomotor activity, and neuronal activation

Conclusions  Our findings suggest that repeated, behaviorally contingent exposure to methylphenidate during adolescence enhances responsivity to the locomotor-stimulating and neuronal activating effects of amphetamine but not incentive motivation. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationDOI 10.1007/s00213-009-1745-7Authors Christie L. Burton, University of Toronto Department of Psychology 100 St. George Street Toronto ON Canada M5S 3G3José N. Nobrega, University of Toronto Department of Psychology 100 St. George Street Toronto ON Canada M5S 3G3Paul J. Fletcher, University of Toronto Department of Psychology 100 St. George Street Toronto ON Canada M5S 3G3 Journal PsychopharmacologyOnline ISSN 1432-2072Print ISSN 0033-3158 (Source: Psychopharmac...

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  Prospective follow up studies found no chromosomal mutagenicity of methylphenidate therapy in ADHD affected children.

Authors: Walitza S, Kämpf K, R GO, Warnke A, Gerlach M, Stopper H Five to ten percent of all children suffer from Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), which is often treated with the central nervous stimulant methylphenidate (MPH). In 2005 controversy arose due to a report of enhanced cytogenetic effects in 12 children after 3 months of MPH-treatment. Since then, several prospective studies have been performed and published, which are summarized here. A table comparing the micronucleus frequencies, a marker investigated in all of these studies, is presented. An induction of cytogenetic effects by MPH was only reported in one, the 2005 study by El-Zein et al., while all other studies, with now altogether 110 MPH-exposed individuals, showed no elevation. To address the q...

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  The role of psychostimulants in psychogeriatrics: a New Zealand survey

Conclusions: The prescribing of psychostimulants for depression by New Zealand psychogeriatricians is infrequent and the response rates and side effects observed were both consistent with the published literature. Their use was generally limited to treatment-resistant depression, when standard antidepressants were intolerable, or in complex clinical situations. While not a prominent biological treatment in psychogeriatrics, this class of medication remains a therapeutic option for the frail, the medically ill or those in palliative care situations. (Source: Psychogeriatrics)

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  Idiopathic Hypersomnia: Clinical Features and Response to Treatment

Conclusions: The majority of patients with idiopathic hypersomnia respond well to treatment. Methylphenidate is chosen more often than modafinil as final monotherapy in the treatment of idiopathic hypersomnia, despite the fact that it is less commonly used initially. Further prospective comparisons of medications should be explored. Keywords: Idiopathic hypersomnia, treatment, modafinil, methylphenidate, stimulants (Source: Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine : JCSM)

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  Predicting Response of ADHD Symptoms to Methylphenidate Treatment Based on Comorbid Anxiety

Conclusion: Although anxiety may not affect behavioral response to stimulant medication in ADHD, it does appear to affect the medication response of more subtle symptoms of cognitive performance in ADHD patients. (J of Att. Dis. 2010; 13(4) 414-419) (Source: Journal of Attention Disorders)

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  Modulation of motorcortical excitability by methylphenidate in adult voluntary test persons performing a go/nogo task

This study investigated the interaction between motorcortical excitability (short interval cortical inhibition, intracortical facilitation and long interval cortical inhibition), different requirement conditions [choice reaction test (CRT), attention/go/nogo], and their pharmacological modulation by methylphenidate (MPH) in normal healthy adults (n = 31) using a transcranial magnetic stimulation paradigm. MPH was administered in a dosage of 1 mg/kg body weight, maximum 60 mg. Additionally, serum level and clearance of MPH were controlled. The statistical analysis of variance revealed a significant three-way interaction of 2 (MPH) × 3 (CRT) × 6 (ISI) predicting motor evoked potential amplitudes (P = 0.032, MPH none and full dose, n&nbs...

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  Does switching from oral extended-release methylphenidate to the methylphenidate transdermal system affect health-related quality-of-life and medication satisfaction for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

Conclusions: This study demonstrates that MTS, when carefully titrated to optimal dose, may further improve child and family HRQL, as well as behavioral, medication worry, and economic impact item scores, as measured by the AIM-C in subjects switching to MTS from a stable dose of routinely prescribed oral ER-MPH after a short treatment period. Furthermore, following the abrupt conversion from oral ER-MPH to MTS, the majority of caregivers reported being highly satisfied with MTS as a treatment option for their children with ADHD.Trial Registration NCT00151983 (Source: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health)

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  OROS-Methylphenidate, Placebo Show Equal Efficacy for Adolescents With ADHD and Substance Abuse Disorders

Improvements in the placebo group matched those seen in the active treatment group in a study of osmotic-release methylphenidate plus CBT for adolescents with ADHD and substance abuse disorders. Medscape Medical News (Source: Medscape Today Headlines)

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  RITALIN (Methylphenidate Hydrochloride) Tablet RITALIN (Methylphenidate Hydrochloride) Tablet, Extended Release [Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation]

Updated Date: Dec 8, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Comparative study of paediatric prescription drug utilization between the spanish and immigrant population

Conclusions: Prescription drug utilization is much greater in Spanish children than in immigrant children, particularly with reference to bronchodilators (montelukast and terbutaline) and attention-disorder hyperactivity drugs such as Methylphenidate. There are important differences regarding drug type and depending on immigrants' geographical backgrounds that suggest there are social, cultural and access factors underlying these disparities.KeywordsEmigration and Immigration, health services, drug utilization, cross-sectional studies, health resources utilization, pediatrics (Source: BMC Health Services Research)

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  Concerta (Methylphenidate Extended-Release Tablets) - updated on RxList

Concerta (Methylphenidate Extended-Release Tablets) drug description - FDA approved labeling for prescription drugs and medications at RxList (Source: RxList - New and Updated Drug Monographs)

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  Concerta XL 18,27, 36mg tablets (Methylphenidate) - Revised SPC

Source: eMC (electronic Medicines Compendium) Area: Other Library Updates > SPC Changes Revised SPC includes changes to: Section 4.1 (Therapeutic indications) - Treatment must be under the supervision of a specialist in childhood behavioural disorder, and emphasis on the need for  remedial measures before introducing pharmacotherapy. Section 4.2 (Posology and method of administration) - Requirement for pre-treatent screening and ongoing monitoring Section 4.3 (Contraindications) -  Addition of Phaecochromocytoma Section 4.4 (Special warnings and precautions for Use) -  More detailed information on long term effects, ongoing monitoring requirements, and withdrawing medication for trial period. Section 4.5 (Interaction with other medicinal products and o...

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  Intuniv

With all of the different ADHD medications that are now available, such as Ritalin, Adderall XR, Focalin XR, Concerta, Vyvanse, and Strattera, etc., it is getting easier to find the right medication for children that have ADHD, both to decrease their ADHD symptoms and to minimize any side effects they may have. Still, having another ADHD medication, such as Intuniv, a new non-stimulant treatment for ADHD, is welcome news for many parents and pediatricians. Related: ADHD Symptoms Vyvanse Concerta ADHD Medications Understanding ADHD Intuniv originally appeared on About.com Pediatrics on Tuesday, December 1st, 2009 at 20:23:51.Permalink | Comment | Email this (Source: About.com Pediatrics)

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  Fluoxetine Potentiates Methylphenidate-Induced Gene Regulation in Addiction-Related Brain Regions: Concerns for Use of Cognitive Enhancers?

Conclusions: Both potentiated gene regulation in the striatum and the behavioral effects indicate that combining the SSRI fluoxetine with the cognitive enhancer methylphenidate mimics cocaine effects, consistent with an increased risk for substance use disorder. (Source: Biological Psychiatry)

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  What’s the Pediatric Dose of Marijuana?

This article is a must-read. (Source: The Poison Review)

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  Methylphenidate: Spontaneous erections with or without hypersexuality: 2 case reports

(Source: Reactions)

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  [Cognitive models in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.]

CONCLUSIONS. Advances in genetics and in neurological functioning are offering very valuable data that will undoubtedly help to shape the cognitive model or models underlying ADHD. Lastly, a greater understanding of the effects of pharmacological agents is also needed. Apart from improving the symptoms, the pharmacological agents employed also have an effect on cognitive mechanisms. In line with this assumption, very promising research is being carried out on the indication of methylphenidate in dyslexia and autism that are comorbid with ADHD. PMID: 19921624 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Revista de Neurologia)

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  [The health economics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Germany : Part 2: therapeutic options and their cost-effectiveness.]

Authors: Schlander M, Trott GE, Schwarz O Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with a continuous increase of health care utilization and thus expenditures. This raises the issue of cost-effectiveness of health care provided for patients with ADHD. Comparative health economic evaluations generate relevant insights and typically report incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of alternatives versus an established standard. Typically, results of cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) are reported in terms of incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). International evaluations, as well specific adaptations to Germany, indicate an acceptable to attractive cost-effectiveness - according to currently used international benchmarks - of an intense medication ...

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  RITALIN (Methylphenidate Hydrochloride) Capsule, Extended Release [Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation]

Updated Date: Nov 20, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  METHYLPHENIDATE (Methylphenidate Hydrochloride) Tablet METHYLPHENIDATE (Methylphenidate Hydrochloride) Tablet [Physicians Total Care, Inc.]

Updated Date: Nov 19, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  UA Research Finds Ritalin's Benefits in Treating Children with Autism

UA researchers present evidence that the Ritalin is effective in treating preschoolers with Autism in a first-ever clinical trial to test the medication's efficacy with children with the disorder. (Source: Health)

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  Psychotropic medication in the French child and adolescent population: prevalence estimation from health insurance data and national self-report survey data

Conclusions: This study underlines a similar range of prevalence of psychotropic prescriptions in France to that observed in other European countries. Nevertheless, the proportion of antipsychotics and benzodiazepins seems to be higher, whereas the proportion of methylphenidate is lower.Secondly, a disparity between the prevalence of dispensed prescriptions and the self-report of actual use of psychotropics has been highlighted by the ESCAPAD study which shows that these treatments are widely used as "self-medication". (Source: BMC Psychiatry - Latest articles)

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  Extended-Release OROS Methylphenidate Shown to Offer Onset of Action Within 1 Hour

New results show OROS methylphenidate begins to act within 1 hour and offers continuous treatment for up to 12.5 hours. Medscape Medical News (Source: Medscape Today Headlines)

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  Shire announces publication of open-label study on coadministration of INTUNIV with stimulants

(Porter Novelli) Shire plc announced new study results on INTUNIV published in the October Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. In this open-label safety study, there was no evidence of unique adverse effects with the combination of INTUNIV and amphetamine or methylphenidate relative to what was observed with either medication alone. The open-label study also assessed improvement of ADHD symptoms using the ADHD-RS-IV. (Source: EurekAlert! - Social and Behavioral Science)

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  Effect of methylphenidate on fatigue in women with recurrent gynecologic cancer

Conclusions: This study provides support for the use of a psychostimulant to treat fatigue in women who have recurrent gynecologic cancer. It is particularly relevant for these patients with incurable disease who are facing the end of life. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: Psycho-Oncology)

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  Oral megadose methylphenidate ingestion for suicide attempt

(Source: Pediatrics International)

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  Construct validity of an attention rating scale for traumatic brain injury.

This article reports the findings of four studies, three observational and one a randomized, controlled treatment trial of methylphenidate (MP), designed to provide construct validation of the Moss Attention Rating Scale (MARS), an observational measure of attention dysfunction following TBI. One hundred seven participants with moderate to severe TBI were enrolled during treatment on an inpatient rehabilitation unit. MARS scores were provided independently by four rehabilitation disciplines (Physical, Occupational and Speech Therapies and Nursing). Results indicated that the MARS: (1) is more strongly related to concurrent measures of cognitive versus physical disability, supporting its validity as a measure of cognition, (2) is more strongly related to concurrent psychometric measures of ...

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  Concerta in the Classroom: New Data on Attention in Children With ADHD

LAS VEGAS, Nov. 4 /PRNewswire/ -- New findings presented today show that CONCERTA® (OROS® methylphenidate HCl Extended-Release Tablets CII) is the only stimulant medication with data that demonstrate a significant treatment effect on... (Source: Drugs.com - Clinical Trials)

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  New Data on Attention in Children with ADHD

LAS VEGAS, Nov. 4, 2009 – New findings presented today show that CONCERTA® (OROS® methylphenidate HCl Extended-Release Tablets CII) is the only stimulant medication with data that demonstrate a significant treatment effect on attention at... (Source: Drugs.com - Clinical Trials)

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  CONCERTA® in the Classroom: New Data on Attention in Children With ADH(Nov 4, 2009)

>Las Vegas, NV (November 4th, 2009) -- New findings presented today show that CONCERTA® (OROS® methylphenidate HCl Extended-Release Tablets CII) is the only stimulant medication with data that demonstrate a significant treatment effect on attention at one hour and through 12.5 hours in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a common and treatable medical condition characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity(1) that is estimated to affect about 5 million children(2) in the United States..... (Source: Johnson and Johnson)

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  Prof Nutt's dangerous drug list

How harmful are the drugs on the list drawn up by the ousted government drugs adviser and his colleagues?Professor David Nutt was last week forced to resign from his role as chairman of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. Research by Nutt and his colleagues, published in the medical journal the Lancet in 2007, rates the following as the most dangerous drugs (They are listed in descending order from the most harmful and all figures are for England and Wales in 2008 unless stated otherwise):1. HeroinClass A drug. Originally used as a painkiller and derived from the opium poppy. There were 897 deaths recorded from heroin and morphine use in 2008 in England and Wales, according to the Office of National Statistics (ONS). There were around 13,000 seizures amounting to 1.6m tonnes of he...

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  Effects of anti-dementia drugs on morphine-induced somnolence.

Authors: Ishida T, Suga A, Akagi M, Kamei C The present study was undertaken to investigate the characteristics of morphine in rat sleep patterns and also the effects of donepezil and memantine on somnolence caused by morphine. Electrodes were chronically implanted into the cortex and dorsal neck muscle of rats for electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) recordings, respectively. EEG and EMG were recorded with an electroencephalograph. SleepSigh ver.2.0 was used to analyse the sleep-wake state. Total times of wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep were measured from 10:00 to 16:00. Morphine at a high dose caused a significant decrease in sleep latency and total REM sleep time, although the drug at low doses caused significant inc...

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  Efficacy of Dexmethylphenidate for the Treatment of Fatigue After Cancer Chemotherapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract: Cancer and its treatment can induce subjective and objective evidence of diminished functional capacity encompassing physical fatigue and cognitive impairment. Dexmethylphenidate (d-MPH; the d-isomer of methylphenidate) was evaluated for treatment of chemotherapy-related fatigue and cognitive impairment. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study evaluated the potential therapeutic effect and safety of d-MPH in the treatment of patients with chemotherapy-related fatigue. Change from baseline in the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue Subscale (FACIT-F) total score at Week 8 was the primary outcome measure. One hundred fifty-four patients (predominantly with breast and ovarian cancers) were randomized and treated. Compared with placeb...

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  Cardiovascular risk in ADHD pharmacotherapy

Pharmacotherapy, namely the stimulant medications methylphenidate (MPH) and amphetamine (MAS) and the nonstimulant medication atomoxetine (Strattera), is the recommended treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (Source: Modern Medicine Contemporary Pediatrics)

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  Sexual violence legislation in sub-Saharan Africa: the need for strengthened medico-legal linkages

Abstract: Six sub-Saharan African countries currently have laws on sexual violence, including Kenya, and eight others have provisions on sexual violence in other legislation. Effective legislation requires functioning medico-legal linkages to enable both justice to be done in cases of sexual violence and the provision of health services for survivors of sexual violence. The health sector also needs to provide post-rape care services and collect and deliver evidence to the criminal justice system. This paper reviews existing data on sexual violence in sub-Saharan Africa, and summarises the content of sexual violence legislation in the region and the strengths and weaknesses of existing medico-legal linkages, using Kenya as a case study. Many sub-Saharan African countries do not yet have com...

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  The Roles of Dopamine Transport Inhibition and Dopamine Release Facilitation in Wake Enhancement and Rebound Hypersomnolence Induced by Dopaminergic Agents

Conclusions: All DA releasing agents tested, and some DAT-inhibiting agents, produced RHS at equal wake-promoting doses. Thus amphetamine-like DA release appears sufficient for inducing RHS, but additional properties (pharmacologic and/or pharmacokinetic) evidently underlie RHS of other DAT inhibitors. Enhancing wake while mitigating RHS can be achieved by combining DAT-inhibiting and DA-releasing agents. Keywords: Sleep/wake, dopamine transporter, amphetamine, hypersomnolence, pharmacokinetic, rat (Source: Sleep)

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  Shire Reports Tolerability And Clinical Effects Results Of Daytrana(R) (methylphenidate Transdermal System) From Study In Adolescents With ADHD

Shire plc (LSE: SHP, Nasdaq: SHPGY), the global specialty biopharmaceutical company, announced findings at a major medical meeting from a Phase IIIb study of the tolerability and effectiveness of Daytrana® (methylphenidate transdermal system) in adolescents aged 13 to 17 years diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)... (Source: ADHD News From Medical News Today)

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  Shire Reports Tolerability And Clinical Effects Results Of Daytrana(R) (methylphenidate Transdermal System) From Study In Adolescents With ADHD

Shire plc (LSE: SHP, Nasdaq: SHPGY), the global specialty biopharmaceutical company, announced findings at a major medical meeting from a Phase IIIb study of the tolerability and effectiveness of Daytrana® (methylphenidate transdermal system) in adolescents aged 13 to 17 years diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

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  Variability of response time as a predictor of methylphenidate treatment response in korean children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

CONCLUSION: High RT variability may predict poor response to MPH treatment in children with ADHD. PMID: 19881968 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Yonsei Medical Journal)

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  Methylphenidate Combined with Aripiprazole in Children and Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Crossover Trial

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology Oct 2009, Vol. 19, No. 5: 553-561. (Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology)

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  OROS Methylphenidate-Induced Skin Eruptions

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology Oct 2009, Vol. 19, No. 5: 593-594. (Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology)

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  An Open Study of Adjunct OROS-Methylphenidate in Children and Adolescents Who Are Atomoxetine Partial Responders: I. Effectiveness

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology Oct 2009, Vol. 19, No. 5: 485-492. (Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology)

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  An Open Study of Adjunct OROS-Methylphenidate in Children Who Are Atomoxetine Partial Responders: II. Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology Oct 2009, Vol. 19, No. 5: 493-499. (Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology)

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  Effects of Clonidine and Methylphenidate on Family Quality of Life in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology Oct 2009, Vol. 19, No. 5: 511-517. (Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology)

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  Study Findings On ADHD Treatments Presented At Psychiatric Meeting

Shire plc (LSE: SHP, NASDAQ: SHPGY), the global specialty biopharmaceutical company, has announced that it will present key scientific data on its Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) treatments, INTUNIV™ (guanfacine) Extended Release Tablets, Vyvanse® (lisdexamfetamine dimesylate) Capsules CII, and Daytrana® (methylphenidate transdermal system) CII, at... (Source: ADHD News From Medical News Today)

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  Shire presents study findings on its ADHD treatments at psychiatric meeting Oct 29-30

(Porter Novelli) Shire plc (LSE: SHP, NASDAQ: SHPGY), the global specialty biopharmaceutical company, announced today that it will present key scientific data on its Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) treatments, INTUNIV™ (guanfacine) Extended Release Tablets, Vyvanse® (lisdexamfetamine dimesylate) Capsules CII, and Daytrana® (methylphenidate transdermal system) CII, at a national meeting of psychiatrists to be held October 27 - November 1 in Honolulu. (Source: EurekAlert! - Social and Behavioral Science)

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  Shire presents study findings on its ADHD treatments at psychiatric meeting Oct. 29-30

(Porter Novelli) Shire plc, the global specialty biopharmaceutical company, announced today that it will present key scientific data on its attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder treatments, INTUNIV (guanfacine) Extended Release Tablets, Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine dimesylate) Capsules CII and Daytrana (methylphenidate transdermal system) CII, at a national meeting of psychiatrists to be held Oct. 27-Nov. 1 in Honolulu. (Source: EurekAlert! - Social and Behavioral Science)

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  Positron emission tomography kinetic modeling algorithms for small animal dopaminergic system imaging

Small animal positron emission tomography (PET) imaging allows in vivo quantification of lesion- or treatment-induced neurochemical changes in animal models of disease. Important for quantification are the kinetic modeling methods used to determine biologically-relevant parameters of tracer-tissue interaction. In this work, we evaluate modeling algorithms for the dopaminergic tracers 11C-dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ), 11C-methylphenidate (MP), and 11C-raclopride (RAC), used to image the dopaminergic system in the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease. For the presynaptic tracers, PET measures are compared with autoradiographic binding measurements using DTBZ and [3H]WIN 35,428 (WIN). We independently developed a new variant of the tissue-input Logan graphical...

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  Dopamine transporter PET in normal aging: Dopamine transporter decline and its possible role in preservation of motor function

Conclusions: Our findings confirm prior observations of age-related DAT decline and suggest that this phenomenon is independent of changes in VMAT2. After the fifth decade of life, this reduction in DAT binding is associated with a motor performance comparable to mid-adult life. These findings imply that biochemical processes associated with healthy aging may offset the naturaldecline in motor function observed in the elderly. Synapse 64:146-151, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. (Source: Synapse)

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  Your Brain on Facebook

All learning starts with the ability to focus and heed a teacher’s command to “pay attention.” Yet kids, like many of us, are showing a classroom attention span that is increasingly like their attention span on Facebook: Many seem to be exquisitely distractible and unable to focus on Mrs. Wilson for longer than it would take them to write a “status update.” This problem is also suggested by the tremendous increase in the number of Ritalin prescriptions written over the last decade. Children (and we) seem less attentive than ever, and studies are questioning what role the virtual lifestyle may be playing in this. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed behavioral disorder of childhood, estimated to affect 3% to 5% of children, although a...

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  METHYLPHENIDATE (Methylphenidate Hydrochloride) Tablet [Physicians Total Care, Inc.]

Updated Date: Oct 20, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Cancer-Related Fatigue: The Approach and Treatment

Abstract  As the volume of cancer survivors continues to increase, clinicians are being faced with a growing number of patients with cancer-related fatigue (CRF). Survivors with a variety of malignancies may experience fatigue. Many potential barriers to the identification of this symptom in a cancer survivor may exist, due in part to both the patient and the clinician. Assessment of patients for fatigue is important because it can profoundly effect their daily lives. Many factors contribute to CRF. Hence, the clinician may face a daunting challenge in attempting to alleviate CRF. Treatment modalities for CRF include nonpharmacologic interventions, such as psychosocial interventions, exercise, sleep therapy, and acupuncture. Pharmacologic interventions include stimulants, n...

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  Nonmedical Prescription Stimulant Use Among a Sample of College Students: Relationship With Psychological Variables

Conclusions: Continued research regarding psychological variables, specific group membership (e.g., fraternity, sorority, athletics), and stimulant acquisition is suggested. Effective prevention and education efforts are needed to help address the nonmedical use of prescription stimulants on college campuses. (J. of Att. Dis. 2009; 13(3) 284-296) (Source: Journal of Attention Disorders)

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  Food intake and serum levels of iron in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Conclusion: Peripheral markers of iron status and food intake of iron do not seem to be modified in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, but further studies assessing brain iron levels are needed to fully understand the role of iron in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder pathophysiology. PMID: 19838594 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria)

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  Long-acting methylphenidate-OROS in youths with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder suboptimally controlled with immediate-release methylphenidat

A structured abstract written by CRD reviewers. The abstract was published on 9 September 2009 from an original article published in 2008. (Source: Neurological Conditions Specialist Library)

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  Treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder beyond symptom control alone in children and adolescents: a review of the potential benefits of long-acting stimulants

Abstract  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), one of the most common neuropsychiatric conditions of childhood, often has a chronic course and persists into adulthood in many individuals. ADHD may have a clinically important impact on health-related quality of life in children, a significant impact on parents’ emotional health and interfere with family activities/cohesion. To date, the main targets of ADHD treatment have focused on reducing the severity of symptoms during the school day and improving academic performance. However, the treatment of ADHD should reach beyond symptom control to address the issues of social competencies and improvement of health-related quality of life from the perspectives of individuals with ADHD and their families, to support th...

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  Systematic review of pharmacological treatments in fragile X syndrome

Conclusions: Currently there is no robust evidence to support recommendations on pharmacological treatments in patients with FXS in general or in those with an additional diagnosis of ADHD or autism. (Source: BMC Neurology)

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  55-Word stories: Doctor, I think my daughter needs Ritalin.

The brief pieces of creative writing in Families, Systems, and Health's 55-Word Stories section encapsulate key experiences in health care using elements of poetry, prose, or both. "Doctor, I Think My Daughter Needs Ritalin" offers the author's reflection on a father's alcoholism and the repercussions for his daughter. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Families, Systems, and Health)

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  Effects of methylphenidate on discounting of delayed rewards in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

In this study, we examined whether stimulant medication, an effective treatment for ADHD, reduced discounting of delayed experiential and hypothetical rewards among 49 children (ages 9–12 years) with ADHD. After a practice day, participants completed a 3-day double-blind placebo-controlled acute medication assessment. Active doses were long-acting methylphenidate (Concerta), with the nearest equivalents of 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg TID immediate-release methylphenidate. On each testing day, participants completed experiential (real-world money in real time) and hypothetical discounting tasks. Relative to placebo, methylphenidate reduced discounting of delayed experiential rewards but not hypothetical rewards. Broadly consistent with etiological models that emphasize delay-related impulsivity amo...

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  [Narcolepsy and other hypersomnias.]

Authors: Sand T, Schrader H Background. Narcolepsy is currently categorized into three groups; narcolepsy with and without emotionally triggered loss of muscle tone (cataplexy), and narcolepsy secondary to other medical conditions. Many patients with hypersomnia are diagnosed too late. The article presents a review of this field. Material and methods. Sources are literature identified through a non-systematic Pub-Med search and the authors' personal experience with diagnosing and treating patients with narcolepsy and other hypersomnias. Results. Sleep attacks and emotionally triggered loss of muscle tone are the most important symptoms of narcolepsy with cataplexy. Loss of hypocretin-producing cells is considered to be the cause. Absence of the tissue antigen HLA DQB1*0602 renders narc...

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  Chronic Methylphenidate-Effects over Circadian Cycle of Young and Adult Rats Submitted to Open-Field and Object Recognition Tests.

In this study age-, circadian rhythm- and methylphenidate administration- effect on open field habituation and object recognition were analyzed. Young and adult male Wistar rats were treated with saline or methylphenidate 2.0mg/kg for 28 days. Experiments were performed during the light and the dark cycle. Locomotor activity was significantly altered by circadian cycle and methylphenidate treatment during the training session and by drug treatment during the testing session. Exploratory activity was significantly modulated by age during the training session and by age and drug treatment during the testing session. Object recognition memory was altered by cycle at the training session; by age 1.5 h later and by cycle and age 24 h after the training session. These results show that methylphe...

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  Exercising with reserve: evidence that the central nervous system regulates prolonged exercise performance [Original articles]

Conclusions: This suggests that endurance performance is not only "limited" by mechanical failure of the exercising muscles ("peripheral fatigue"). Rather performance during prolonged endurance exercise under normal conditions is highly regulated by the central nervous system to ensure that whole-body homeostasis is protected and an emergency reserve is always present. (Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine)

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  Exercising with reserve: evidence that the central nervous system regulates prolonged exercise performance

Conclusions: This suggests that endurance performance is not only "limited" by mechanical failure of the exercising muscles ("peripheral fatigue"). Rather performance during prolonged endurance exercise under normal conditions is highly regulated by the central nervous system to ensure that whole-body homeostasis is protected and an emergency reserve is always present. (Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine)

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  Atomoxetine/methylphenidate: Spontaneous ejaculation: 2 case reports

(Source: Reactions)

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  'Roids or Speed?

Ritalin on first, Dexedrine on second.    (Source: Psychology Today)

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  In vivo [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine binding in rat striatum: sensitivity to dopamine concentrations

Conclusion: These results indicate that large reductions in dopamine concentrations in the rat brain can produce modest but significant changes in the binding of radioligands to VMAT2, which can be reversed by replenishment of dopamine using exogenous l-DOPA. (Source: Nuclear Medicine and Biology)

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  Students turn to 'smart drugs'

Use of brain-enhancing drugs is on the rise, and a ban wouldn't work, expert warnsStudents are increasingly using brain-boosting drugs – and they're virtually impossible to ban, an expert warned today.Drugs normally used for conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are being used by students around the world to improve their academic performance.In some US universities, a quarter of students are reportedly using "smart drugs", and there is anecdotal evidence of increasing use on British campuses.The Academy of Medical Sciences said last year that the use of medicines "off label" is likely to rise."The expectation that 'off-label' use will increase is borne out by existing advertising of cognition enhancers and smart drugs on the internet,...

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  Methylphenidate patch-test protocol and irritancy threshold determination in healthy adult subjects.

CONCLUSION: When performing patch testing to confirm possible allergic contact dermatitis from topical MPH, several test concentrations in the low-to-middle range (such as 0.1%, 1%, and 10%) prepared in petrolatum are advisable. PMID: 19808002 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Dermatitis)

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  Smart drugs for cognitive enhancement: ethical and pragmatic considerations in the era of cosmetic neurology [Papers]

This article reviews the ethical and pragmatic implications of nootropic use in academia by drawing parallels with issues relevant to the drugs in sport debate. It is often argued that performance-enhancing drugs should be prohibited because they create an uneven playing field. However, this appears dubious given that "unfair" advantages are already ubiquitous and generally tolerated by society. There are concerns that widespread use will indirectly coerce non-users also to employ nootropics in order to remain competitive. However, to restrict the autonomy of all people for fear that it may influence the actions of some is untenable. The use of potentially harmful drugs for the purposes of enhancement rather than treatment is often seen as unjustified, and libertarian approaches generally ...

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  Sibutramine overdose: Multiple toxicities, including those due to interactions with atomoxetine, methylphenidate and citalopram: 17 case reports

(Source: Reactions)

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  [Papers] Smart drugs for cognitive enhancement: ethical and pragmatic considerations in the era of cosmetic neurology

This article reviews the ethical and pragmatic implications of nootropic use in academia by drawing parallels with issues relevant to the drugs in sport debate. It is often argued that performance-enhancing drugs should be prohibited because they create an uneven playing field. However, this appears dubious given that "unfair" advantages are already ubiquitous and generally tolerated by society. There are concerns that widespread use will indirectly coerce non-users also to employ nootropics in order to remain competitive. However, to restrict the autonomy of all people for fear that it may influence the actions of some is untenable. The use of potentially harmful drugs for the purposes of enhancement rather than treatment is often seen as unjustified, and libertarian approaches generally ...

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  Sequential multiple-assignment randomized trial design of neurobehavioral treatment for patients with metastatic malignant melanoma undergoing high-dose interferon-alpha therapy.

CONCLUSIONS: This sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial proposes a framework for developing optimal treatment strategies; however, additional studies are needed to determine the best strategy for treating or preventing neurobehavioral symptoms induced by the immunotherapy interferon-alpha. PMID: 19786415 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clinical Trials)

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  Outcomes after accidental pediatric ingestions of (dextro)amphetamine and methylphenidate

Adderall (Barr Laboratories, Inc, Montvale, NJ) and methylphenidate are prescription amphetamines used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. The exact mechanism of action of amphetamines in the treatment of ADHD is not known; however, it has been shown to stimulate central nervous system (CNS) activity via blockade of both dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake and by increasing their release into the extraneuronal space. Clinical effects can manifest via CNS stimulation or depression. (Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine)

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  Antineoplastics/methylphenidate: Liver injury, including elevated liver enzymes, in a child: case report

(Source: Reactions)

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  Can a pill really boost brain power?

In America, university students are taking illegally obtained prescription drugs to make them more intelligent. But would you pop a smart pill to improve your performance? Margaret Talbot investigates the brave new world of neuro enhancementA young man I'll call Alex recently graduated from Harvard. As a history major, Alex wrote about a dozen papers a term. He also ran a student organisation, for which he often worked more than 40 hours a week; when he wasn't working, he had classes. Weeknights were devoted to all the schoolwork he couldn't finish during the day, and weekend nights were spent drinking with friends and going to parties. "Trite as it sounds," he told me, it seemed important to "maybe appreciate my own youth". Since, in essence, this life was impossible, Alex began taking Ad...

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  Comparing the efficacy of stimulants for ADHD in children and adolescents using meta-analysis

Abstract  Stimulants used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been well researched, but comparisons among stimulants are hindered by the absence of direct comparative trials. The goal of this work was to compare the efficacy of methylphenidate and amfetamine formulations through a meta-analysis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials. We analyzed recent published literature on the stimulant therapy of ADHD to describe the variability of drug–placebo effect sizes. A literature search was conducted to identify double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of ADHD in children and adolescents published after 1979. Meta-analysis regression assessed the influence of medication type and study design features on medication effects. Twenty-three trials met c...

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  Methylphenidate treatment increases Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the cerebrum of young and adult rats

Abstract  Methylphenidate is a central nervous system stimulant used for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Na+, K+-ATPase is a membrane-bound enzyme necessary to maintain neuronal excitability. Considering that methylphenidate effects on central nervous system metabolism are poorly known and that Na+, K+-ATPase is essential to normal brain function, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of this drug on Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the cerebrum of young and adult rats. For acute administration, a single injection of methylphenidate (1.0, 2.0, or 10.0 mg/Kg) or saline was given to rats on postnatal day 25 or postnatal day 60, in the young and adult groups, respectively. For chronic administration, methylphenidate (1.0, 2.0, or 10.0&nbs...

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  Comparative benefits and harms of competing medications for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and indirect comparison meta-analysis

Source: DARE Area: Evidence > Disease Focused Reviews CRD Summary: This generally well-conducted review assessed the efficacy and safety of treatments for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. The authors concluded that the use of immediate release methylphenidate as a first-line treatment was supported. The questionable quality of many of the included studies and some concerns over the appropriateness of the synthesis may mean these conclusions were overstated. [Studies of the following treatments were eligible: amphetamine mixture, dextroamphetamine sulphate, methylphenidate HCl, dexmethylphenidate HCl, modafinil, atomoxetine HCl and bupropion HCl. ] CRD Commentary: The review question and inclusion criteria were clearly specified. The authors searched a number of rele...

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  Deficits in interval timing measured by the dual-task paradigm among children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Conclusions: Significantly increased estimation errors in ADHD with increased task difficulties suggest that impaired timing processing in children and adolescents with ADHD during long time intervals may be accounted for by the limited attentional capacity rather than a primary problem in timing per se. This finding does not apply to rapid time intervals, in which cerebellar circuitry is important. (Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry)

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  The neuropharmacology of adhd drugs in vivo: Insights on efficacy and safety.

Authors: Heal DJ, Cheetham SC, Smith SL Results from in vivo techniques, especially intracerebral microdialysis in freely-moving rats, have provided insights into potential mechanisms responsible for the efficacy and safety of catecholaminergic drugs for ADHD treatment. The drugs reviewed come from distinct pharmacological classes: psychostimulant releasing agents, eg d-amphetamine; psychostimulant reuptake inhibitors, eg dl-threo-methylphenidate (dl-MPH), and non-stimulant reuptake inhibitors, eg atomoxetine. Psychostimulants, which currently deliver the best efficacy in treating ADHD, exhibit the following characteristics on extraneuronal catecholamine concentrations in rodent brain in vivo: 1) They enhance the efflux and function of both noradrenaline and dopamine in the central ner...

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  Long-acting methylphenidate-OROS in youths with...

This study examined the cost-effectiveness of long-acting... (Source: PCCAS: Full newsfeed)

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  Long-acting methylphenidate-OROS in youths with...

This study examined the cost-effectiveness of long-acting... (Source: Children's NSF Newsfeed)

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  Behavioural and neurochemical abnormalities in mice lacking functional tachykinin-1 (NK1) receptors: A model of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Authors: Yan TC, Hunt SP, Stanford SC In rodent behavioural screens, such as the forced-swim or resident / intruder tests, the behaviour of mice that lack functional substance P-preferring, tachykinin-1 receptors ((NK1R) either through drug antagonism or gene ablation) mimics that of wildtype mice that have been treated with an antidepressant drug. All antidepressants modify the function of monoamine-releasing neurones in the brain. Our intention was to investigate whether monoaminergic transmission in NK1R-/- mice resembles that of wildtypes given an antidepressant. In the course of this work, we discovered that NK1R-/- mice express locomotor hyperactivity that is prevented by psychostimulants (d-amphetamine or methylphenidate). Moreover, hyperactivity is induced in wildtypes by treat...

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  'Brain chemical link' to ADHD

This study found that people with ADHD had fewer receptors and transporters available for the nerve signalling chemical dopamine than people without the condition. Receptors and transporters transmit signals between nerve cells in the brain. The finding supports previous studies suggesting that the dopamine pathway has a role in ADHD. However, this study only included a relatively small number of adults with the condition, and the reason for this relationship is uncertain and will require further research. ADHD is a complex disorder that has no single identified cause. This research furthers knowledge of the condition, but it is far too early to conclude that it “could spell an end to ADHD”.   Where did the story come from? The research was carried out by Dr Nora D Volkow from the Nat...

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  CONCERTA® (methylphenidate HCI) Launches Mobile Web Experience To Provide Tools and Support for ADHD Awareness (Sep 9, 2009)

Titusville, NJ (Sept. 9, 2009) — Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is estimated to impact up to 20 percent of children1 (Source: Johnson and Johnson)

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  Descending glutamatergic pathways of PFC are involved in acute and chronic action of Methylphenidate.

Authors: Wanchoo SJ, Swann AC, Dafny N Progressive augmentation of behavioral response following repeated psychostimulant administrations is known as behavioral sensitization, and is an indicator of a drug's liability for abuse. It is known that methylphenidate (MPD) (also known as Ritalin), a drug used to treat Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), induces sensitization in animals following repeated injections. It was recently reported that bilateral electric (non-specific) lesion of prefrontal cortex (PFC) prevented MPD elicited behavioral sensitization. Since PFC sends glutamatergic afferents to both ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), sites that are involved in induction and expression of behavioral sensitization respectively and glutamate from PFC ...

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  Treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with high-dose methylphenidate is associated with small mean increases in BP and HR

(Source: Reactions)

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  Early life experience alters behavioral responses to sweet food and accumbal dopamine metabolism.

Authors: Silveira PP, Portella AK, Assis S, Nieto FB, Diehl LA, Crema LM, Peres W, Costa G, Scorza C, Quillfeldt JA, Lucion AB, Dalmaz C Neonatal handling in rats persistently alters behavioral parameters and responses to stress. Such animals eat more sweet food in adult life, without alterations in lab chow ingestion. Here, we show that neonatally-handled rats display greater incentive salience to a sweet reward in a runway test; however they are less prone to conditioned place preference and show less positive hedonic reactions to sweet food. When injected with methylphenidate (a dopamine mimetic agent), non-handled rats increase their sweet food ingestion in the fasted state, while neonatally-handled rats do not respond. We did not observe any differences regarding baseline general ...

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