MedWorm: Clonidine

  Screening of growth hormone deficiency in short thalassaemic patients and effect of L-carnitine treatment

Conclusions: Growth hormone deficiency is an aetiological factor in thalassaemic patients with short stature. L-carnitine can promote GH secretion and growth. (Source: Articles of Archives of Medical Science - TERMEDIA publishing house)

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  CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDEtablet [Mutual Pharmaceutical]

Updated Date: Mar 9, 2010 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  A comparison of methadone, buprenorphine and alpha2 adrenergic agonists for opioid detoxification: A mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis

Conclusion: Buprenorpine and methadone appear to be the most effective detoxification treatments. While the analysis suggests buprenorphine is the most effective method of detoxification there is some uncertainty on whether it is more effective than methadone and requires further research to confirm this result. (Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence)

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  CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDEtablet [McKesson Packaging Services Business Unit Of McKesson Corporation]

Updated Date: Mar 4, 2010 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  The pharmacological treatment of opioid addiction—a clinical perspective

This article reviews the main pharmacotherapies that are currently being used to treat opioid addiction. Treatments include detoxification using tapered methadone, buprenorphine, adrenergic agonists such as clonidine and lofexidine, and forms of rapid detoxification. In opioid maintenance treatment (OMT), methadone is most widely used. OMT with buprenorphine, buprenorphine-naloxone combination, or other opioid agonists is also discussed. The use of the opioid antagonists naloxone (for the treatment of intoxication and overdose) and oral and sustained-release formulations of naltrexone (for relapse prevention) is also considered. Although recent advances in the neurobiology of addictions may lead to the development of new pharmacotherapies for the treatment of addictive disorders, a m...

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  Table of Contents

No Significant Effect of Tarenflurbil on Cognition in Early Alzheimer's DiseaseParoxetine, CBT Effective for Late-Life Panic DisorderValproic Acid-Induced MyopathyTopiramate Versus Risperidone for Behavioral Disturbances in AD PatientsFeasibility of Discontinuing Benzodiazepine-Derivative HypnoticsReduced Antipsychotic Use in Elderly Dementia PatientsAnticonvulsants, Bipolar Disorder, and Fracture RiskSSRIs for Patients Recovering From Acute Coronary SyndromesIloperidone (Fanapt) Now Available in U.S.Psychotic Depression Improves With Fluvoxamine MonotherapyDrug Safety Labeling ChangesFirst-Time Generic Approval of Clonidine Injection (Source: The Brown University Geriatric Psychopharmacology Update)

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  The effects of caudal or intravenous clonidine on postoperative analgesia produced by caudal levobupivacaine in children

Conclusions: Caudal clonidine prolongs the duration of analgesia produced by caudal levobupivacaine without causing significant side effects and this is because of a spinal mode of action. (Source: Pediatric Anesthesia)

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  The effects of caudal or intravenous clonidine on postoperative analgesia produced by caudal levobupivacaine in children.

Conclusions: Caudal clonidine prolongs the duration of analgesia produced by caudal levobupivacaine without causing significant side effects and this is because of a spinal mode of action. PMID: 20158620 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia)

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  Norepinephrine and nitric oxide promote cell survival signaling in hippocampal neurons.

Authors: Patel NJ, Chen MJ, Russo-Neustadt AA Nitric oxide (NO), physical exercise and/or antidepressant drugs, through the increased release of norepinephrine and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), have been shown to exert profound protective, pro-survival effects on neurons otherwise compromised by injury, disease, prolonged stress, and subsequent depression in vivo. We sought, therefore, to evaluate such survival and neuroprotection in hippocampal neurons in culture, which, in an analogous model of in vivo cellular stress, was deprived of several vital nutrients. We assessed pro-survival outcomes following the application of norepinephrine or the noradrenergic partial agonist, clonidine, a general nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and NO donor, using a cell survival assay and q...

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  Precipitated and conditioned withdrawal in morphine-treated rats

Conclusions  Conditioned withdrawal occurs rapidly and is greater with longer periods of morphine treatment or more pairings of naloxone and the CS; however, a history of physical dependence does not increase conditioned withdrawal. Modification of conditioned withdrawal by drugs might be a useful approach for treating relapse. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationDOI 10.1007/s00213-009-1773-3Authors Ginger L. Becker, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Department of Pharmacology 7703 Floyd Curl Dr mail code 7764 San Antonio TX 78229 USALisa R. Gerak, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Department of Pharmacology 7703 Floyd Curl Dr mail code 7764 San Antonio TX 78229 USAJun-Xu Li, The University of...

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  What non-hormonal alternatives to antidepressants are available for the management of menopausal hot flushes?

Source: Wessex Drug and Medicines Information Centre Area: Evidence > Medicines Q & A . To help reduce hot flushes, women should be encouraged to take regular exercise, reduce stress and wear lighter clothing. Any trigger factors should be avoided.   . Clonidine is the only non-oestrogen based preparation that is licensed for menopausal flushing, but its use is limited by moderate efficacy and relatively high rate of adverse effects.   . Studies have also been conducted using gabapentin, methyldopa and octreotide, which have produced variable results.   . One small meta-analysis has suggested that gabapentin at a dose of 300mg three times daily may be effective but its use should be restricted to specialist centres.   . Most of ...

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  Effects of clonidine and isoflurane on the myocardial contractility behavior of isolated rat hearts.

Authors: Dupin JB, Fiorelli AI, Dupin JH, Dupin AE, Dupin IM, Gomes OM Isoflurane is chosen as an anesthesia drug for cardiac surgeries, and its effectiveness and safety have been proved in countless clinical studies. Clonidine, a central alpha-agonist, has recently been added to isoflurane to attenuate sympathetic hyperactivity by acting directly on its site of origin in the central nervous system. The ability of alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists to inhibit central sympathetic outflow may benefit patients at risk of myocardial damage by improving myocardial oxygen demand and the supply ratio and contributing to hemodynamic stability. We investigated the effects of clonidine and isoflurane, alone and in combination, on the myocardial contractility of isolated rat hearts and found that use o...

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  Stellate Ganglion Block Effective for Severe Hot Flashes

SAN ANTONIO — Stellate ganglion block may be an option for severe, treatment-refractory hot flashes and sleep disturbances in breast cancer patients. In a prospective study, stellate ganglion block procedures led to significant improvements in 17 of 24 breast cancer patients with severe hot flashes despite pharmacotherapy with venlafaxine (Effexor) and/or clonidine, Dr. Patrick Neven reported at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. (Source: Clinical Endocrinology News)

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  [Impact of intrathecal morphine on the tolerance of early feeding after cesarean section.]

CONCLUSION: A small dose of intrathecal morphine provided adequate and prolonged pain relief after caesarean section but increased the incidence of nausea and vomiting despite anti-emetic prophylaxis. Oral food intake was not hampered by intrathecal morphine. PMID: 20117912 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Annales Francaises d'Anesthesie et de Reanimation)

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  Pharmacological stimulation and inhibition of insulin secretion in mouse islets lacking ATP-sensitive K+ channels

Conclusions and implications: Those drugs retaining effects on IS in islets lacking KATP channels, also affected [Ca2+]c, indicating actions on other ionic channels. The greater effects of some inhibitors in Sur1KO than in control islets might be relevant to medical treatment of congenital hyperinsulinism caused by inactivating mutations of KATP channels. (Source: British Journal of Pharmacology)

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  Lack of effect of the α2C-adrenoceptor Del322-325 polymorphism on inhibition of cyclic AMP production in HEK293 cells

Conclusions and implications: The [alpha]2C WT and Del322-325 adrenoceptors exhibited similar binding properties. Additionally, inhibition of cyclic AMP production by Del322-325 was similar to that of WT over a range of receptor densities. Therefore, in intact HEK293 cells, the [alpha]2C-Del322-325 polymorphism does not exhibit reduced signalling to adenylyl cyclase and may not represent a clinically important phenotype. (Source: British Journal of Pharmacology)

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  CATAPRES (Clonidine Hydrochloride) Tablet [Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc.]

Updated Date: Jan 21, 2010 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Premedication with clonidine is superior to benzodiazepines. A meta analysis of published studies

Premedication is considered important in pediatric anesthesia. Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used premedication agents. Clonidine, an [alpha]2 adrenoceptor agonist, is gaining popularity among anesthesiologists. The goal of the present study was to perform a meta-analysis of studies comparing premedication with clonidine to Benzodiazepines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify clinical trials focusing on the comparison of clonidine and Benzodiazepines for premedication in children. Six reviewers independently assessed each study to meet the inclusion criteria and extracted data. Original data from each trial were combined to calculate the pooled odds ratio (OR) or the mean differences (MD), 95% confidence intervals [95% CI] and statistical heterogeneity were ...

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  What can be done about hot flushes after treatment for breast cancer?

Authors: Kontos M, Agbaje OF, Rymer J, Fentiman IS Breast cancer survivors frequently experience severe hot flushes as a result of their treatment. This can adversely affect their quality of life, compliance with treatment and overall survival. To relieve vasomotor symptoms, a variety of drugs have been used including clonidine, gabapentin, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Stellate ganglion block (SGB) has recently emerged as a new technique against hot flushes and preliminary studies report encouraging efficacy with minimal complications. Other approaches include various alternative treatments and, in a few cases, hormone replacement therapy (HRT). All randomized, controlled studies of drugs, hormone treatments and alternative t...

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  Clonidine: Flaccidity, prolonged sedation and respiratory insufficiency following intrathecal administration in an infant: case report

(Source: Reactions)

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  Clonidine overdose: Various toxicities in a child: case report

(Source: Reactions)

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  Involvement of dorsal hippocampal alpha-adrenergic receptors in the effect of scopolamine on memory retrieval in inhibitory avoidance task.

Authors: Azami NS, Piri M, Oryan S, Jahanshahi M, Babapour V, Zarrindast MR The present study evaluated the possible role of alpha-adrenergic receptors of the dorsal hippocampus on scopolamine induced amnesia and scopolamine state-dependent memory in adult male Wistar rats. The animals were bilaterally implanted with chronic cannulae in the CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus, trained in a step-through type inhibitory avoidance task, and tested 24 h after training to measure step-through latency. Results indicate that post-training or pre-test intra-CA1 administration of scopolamine (1 and 2mug/rat) dose-dependently reduced the step-through latency, showing an amnestic response. Amnesia produced by post-training scopolamine (2mug/rat) was reversed by pre-test administration of the sc...

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  clonidine, Catapres, Catapres-TTS, Jenloga

Title: clonidine, Catapres, Catapres-TTS, JenlogaCategory: MedicationsCreated: 5/11/1998Last Editorial Review: 1/7/2010 (Source: MedicineNet High Blood Pressure General)

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  clonidine, Catapres, Catapres-TTS, Jenloga

Title: clonidine, Catapres, Catapres-TTS, JenlogaCategory: MedicationsCreated: 5/11/1998Last Editorial Review: 1/7/2010 (Source: MedicineNet Medications General)

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  clonidine, Catapres, Catapres-TTS, Jenloga

Title: clonidine, Catapres, Catapres-TTS, JenlogaCategory: MedicationsCreated: 5/11/1998Last Editorial Review: 1/7/2010 (Source: MedicineNet Senior Health General)

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  clonidine, Catapres, Catapres-TTS, Jenloga

Title: clonidine, Catapres, Catapres-TTS, JenlogaCategory: MedicationsCreated: 5/11/1998Last Editorial Review: 1/7/2010 (Source: MedicineNet Menopause General)

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  clonidine, Catapres, Catapres-TTS, Jenloga

Title: clonidine, Catapres, Catapres-TTS, JenlogaCategory: MedicationsCreated: 5/11/1998Last Editorial Review: 1/7/2010 (Source: MedicineNet Arthritis General)

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  Treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: a review of the evidence.

CONCLUSIONS: Published RCTs can only provide limited evidence to formulate recommendations for treatment of CRPS. In this review, no study was excluded based on factors such as sample size justification, statistical power, blinding, definition of intervention allocation, or clinical outcomes. Thus, evidence derived from "weaker" trials may be overemphasized. Further well-designed RCTs are warranted. PMID: 20054678 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia)

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  Catheter-tip mass mimicking a spinal epidural hematoma.

Authors: Medel R, Pouratian N, Elias WJ As > 95,000 spinal drug-delivery devices have been implanted since their inception in the 1980s, the recognition of associated adverse effects is essential. Since 1985, numerous reports have described the presence of catheter-tip granulomas. In the current case, the authors describe a less frequent complication of epidural bupivacaine precipitation. Regardless of origin, these unusual lesions have been increasingly recognized as a rare but potentially devastating complication of intrathecal infusions. A 34-year-old woman with an intrathecal pain-pump delivering fentanyl, bupivacaine, and clonidine for thoracic outlet syndrome presented with rapidly progressive neurological deficits and increasing neck and upper-extremity pain. Neuroimaging dis...

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  Stellate Ganglion Block May Ease Severe Hot Flashes

SAN ANTONIO — Stellate ganglion block may be an option for severe, treatment-refractory hot flashes and sleep disturbances in breast cancer patients. In a prospective study, stellate ganglion block procedures led to significant improvements in 17 of 24 breast cancer patients with severe hot flashes despite pharmacotherapy with venlafaxine (Effexor) and/or clonidine, Dr. Patrick Neven reported at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. (Source: Family Practice News)

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  Lofexidine, an {alpha}2-Receptor Agonist for Opioid Detoxification (February) (CE).

CONCLUSIONS: Lofexidine appears to be a promising agent for opioid detoxification. If approved, it would be the first nonopioid agent approved for this indication. Further large-scale controlled studies are needed to identify the safest, most effective dosage regimen required to achieve opioid detoxification. PMID: 20040696 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy)

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  Effect of clonidine on blood glucose levels in euglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats and its interaction with glibenclamide

Conclusion</b> : The results of present study indicate that clonidine has hyperglycemic effect and it also interacts with glibenclamide to reduce its hypoglycemic activity. If these findings are true to human beings then clonidine should not be used in diabetic patients on sulfonylureas. (Source: Indian Journal of Pharmacology)

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  CLORPRES (Clonidine Hydrochloride And Chlorthalidone) Tablet [Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc.]

Updated Date: Dec 23, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Impact of clonidine administration on delirium and related respiratory weaning after surgical correction of acute type-A aortic dissection: results of a pilot study [Institutional report - Cardiac general]

Delirium and transient neurologic dysfunctions (TND) often complicate the postoperative course after surgery for acute type-A aortic dissection (AAD). We evaluated the role of clonidine on neurological outcome and respiratory function in 30 consecutive patients undergoing surgery for AAD. Patients were prospectively randomized to receive either clonidine (0.5 µg/kg bolus, followed by continuous infusion at 1–2 µg/kg/h) or placebo (NaCl 0.9%) in on starting and throughout the weaning period from the mechanical ventilation. Incidence of delirium and TND, Delirium Detection Score (DDS), weaning parameters [respiratory rate to tidal volume ratio – f/VT; pressure–frequency product (PFP); partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fractional inspired oxygen co...

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  Differential Central NOS-NO Signaling Underlies Clonidine Exacerbation of Ethanol-Evoked Behavioral Impairment

Conclusions: Alterations in NOS-derived NO in the LC underlie clonidine[ndash]ethanol induced behavioral impairment. A decrease in nNOS activity, due at least partly to a reduction in nNOS phosphorylation, mediates rotorod impairment, while enhanced eNOS activity contributes to LORR, elicited by clonidine[ndash]ethanol combination. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)

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  Differential Central NOS-NO Signaling Underlies Clonidine Exacerbation of Ethanol-Evoked Behavioral Impairment.

Conclusions: Alterations in NOS-derived NO in the LC underlie clonidine-ethanol induced behavioral impairment. A decrease in nNOS activity, due at least partly to a reduction in nNOS phosphorylation, mediates rotorod impairment, while enhanced eNOS activity contributes to LORR, elicited by clonidine-ethanol combination. PMID: 20028349 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research)

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  BioAlliance Pharma : Entry Into Clinical Phase: Clonidine Lauriad(R) Into Phase II And AMEPTM Into Phase I

BioAlliance Pharma SA (Paris:BIO), a company dedicated to the treatment and supportive care of cancer and AIDS patients, announces the approval from the French Drug Agency (AFFSSaPS) to enter Phase II clinical trial for clonidine Lauriad® in radiotherapy and chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis and the approval from Danish and Slovene Agencies to enter Phase I clinical trial for AMEPTM in invasive melanoma. Clonidine Lauriad® uses the innovative muco-adhesive technology validated with Loramyc® and more recently with acyclovir Lauriad®... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

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  BioAlliance Pharma : Entry Into Clinical Phase: Clonidine Lauriad(R) Into Phase II And AMEPTM Into Phase I

BioAlliance Pharma SA (Paris:BIO), a company dedicated to the treatment and supportive care of cancer and AIDS patients, announces the approval from the French Drug Agency (AFFSSaPS) to enter Phase II clinical trial for clonidine Lauriad® in radiotherapy and chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis and the approval from Danish and Slovene Agencies to enter Phase I clinical trial... (Source: Cancer / Oncology News From Medical News Today)

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  CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDEtablet [UDL Laboratories, Inc.]

Updated Date: Dec 11, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  FDA Approves Extended-Release Clonidine

The FDA has approved the first once-daily oral formulations of clonidine for the treatment of hypertension. Medscape Medical News (Source: Medscape Today Headlines)

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  Implication of enterohepatic re-circulation on single dose bioequivalence evaluation of two brands of clonidine hydrochloride tablets in healthy human volunteers

Mehta H R, Patel I K, Patel N H, Patel D M, Parmar A BIndian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2009 71(5):515-520A single dose, crossover bioequivalence study of two different brands of clonidine hydrochloride 25 μg tablets was conducted in 24 (+2 stand by) healthy, adult, male, Indian subjects under fasting conditions to check the implication of enterohepatic re-circulation on assessment of bioequivalence. After an overnight fasting of at least 10 h, the subjects received single oral dose of test or reference product with either of the product as per randomization schedule in each period with a washout period of 10 days. The pre-dose blood sample was collected within a period of one h before dosing. The post-dose blood samples were collected at specified time inter...

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  Ultrasound-Guided Sciatic Nerve Block in the Popliteal Fossa Using a Lateral Approach: Onset Time Comparing Separate Tibial and Common Peroneal Nerve Injections Versus Injecting Proximal to the Bifurcation.

Conclusions: Blocking the tibial and common peroneal nerves in the popliteal fossa separately provides for a faster onset than a prebifurcation sciatic block. PMID: 19996137 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia)

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  Transient supersensitivity to α-adrenoceptor agonists, and distinct hyper-reactivity to vasopressin and angiotensin II after denervation of rat tail artery

Conclusions and implications: Increased vascular reactivity to [alpha]1- and [alpha]2-adrenoceptor agonists, and vasopressin is transient following denervation. After 7 weeks, increased reactivity to phenylephrine can be entirely accounted for by the loss of NETs. Maintained supersensitivity to AII indicates that denervation differentially and selectively affects vascular reactivity to circulating vasoconstrictor agents. This might explain persistent vasoconstriction in denervated skin of humans after nerve injuries. (Source: British Journal of Pharmacology)

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  CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDEtablet [Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc.]

Updated Date: Dec 3, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDEtablet [Global Pharmaceuticals, Division Of Impax Laboratories Inc.]

Updated Date: Dec 3, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Effects of pre-emptive drug treatment on astrocyte activation in the cuneate nucleus following rat median nerve injury

In conclusion, suppressing reactions to injury, such as the generation of ectopic discharges and activation of NMDA receptors, can decrease astrocyte activation in the CN and attenuate neuropathic pain sensations. (Source: Pain)

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  Catapres-TTS (Clonidine) - updated on RxList

Catapres-TTS (Clonidine) drug description - FDA approved labeling for prescription drugs and medications at RxList (Source: RxList - New and Updated Drug Monographs)

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  Concerta XL 18,27, 36mg tablets (Methylphenidate) - Revised SPC

Source: eMC (electronic Medicines Compendium) Area: Other Library Updates > SPC Changes Revised SPC includes changes to: Section 4.1 (Therapeutic indications) - Treatment must be under the supervision of a specialist in childhood behavioural disorder, and emphasis on the need for  remedial measures before introducing pharmacotherapy. Section 4.2 (Posology and method of administration) - Requirement for pre-treatent screening and ongoing monitoring Section 4.3 (Contraindications) -  Addition of Phaecochromocytoma Section 4.4 (Special warnings and precautions for Use) -  More detailed information on long term effects, ongoing monitoring requirements, and withdrawing medication for trial period. Section 4.5 (Interaction with other medicinal products and o...

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  Clonidine/enoxaparin sodium/ropivacaine: Retroperitoneal haematoma in an elderly patient: case report

(Source: Reactions)

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  Intrathecal Inflammatory Masses: Is the Yearly Opioid Dose Increase an Early Indicator?

Conclusion. This is the first detailed study showing an association of diamorphine with granulomas. This study supports the previous finding of intrathecal opioid dose being a risk factor for intrathecal granulomas and clonidine being protective. In addition we have found that the yearly increase in opioid dose is a risk factor for granulomas and could serve as an indicator for closer surveillance. (Source: Neuromodulation)

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  Managing hot flushes in men after prostate cancer—A systematic review

Conclusion: Hot flushes are common and bothersome symptoms in men with prostate cancer and those taking anti-androgen treatment, and reduce quality of life. Few treatments are available and some are avoided for these patients. Additional prospective treatment studies are needed, with long-term follow-up, in order to evaluate the effects and risks of treatments. Treatments with few or no severe side-effects should be prioritised in future investigations. Experimental studies are also needed to elucidate the mechanism behind hot flushes in men and to suggest routes for the development of new treatments. (Source: Maturitas)

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  CATAPRES (Clonidine Hydrochloride) Tablet [Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc.]

Updated Date: Nov 19, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  CATAPRES (Clonidine) Patch, Extended Release [Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc.]

Updated Date: Nov 19, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  CATAPRES (Clonidine) Patch, Extended Release [Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc.]

Updated Date: Nov 12, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Clonidine versus Withdrawal Using an Opioid in In-Patient Opioid Detoxification

Eur Addict Res 1997;3:146-149 (DOI:10.1159/000259168) (Source: European Addiction Research : Last 20 articles)

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  CATAPRES (Clonidine Hydrochloride) Tablet [Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc.]

Updated Date: Nov 3, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Effect of Periarticular Corticosteroid Injections During Total Knee Arthroplasty. A Double-Blind Randomized Trial

Conclusions: The periarticular injection of a corticosteroid may reduce the length of the hospital stay following total knee arthroplasty, but it does not appear to improve pain relief, motion, or function in the early postoperative period. While we cannot definitively state that the corticosteroid was a causative factor in the development of the infection at the site of the prosthetic joint, we cannot rule it out either, which raises concern regarding the role of corticosteroids in perioperative pain management following total knee arthroplasty. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence. (Source: JBJS [Am])

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  Effect of periarticular corticosteroid injections during total knee arthroplasty. A double-blind randomized trial.

CONCLUSIONS: The periarticular injection of a corticosteroid may reduce the length of the hospital stay following total knee arthroplasty, but it does not appear to improve pain relief, motion, or function in the early postoperative period. While we cannot definitively state that the corticosteroid was a causative factor in the development of the infection at the site of the prosthetic joint, we cannot rule it out either, which raises concern regarding the role of corticosteroids in perioperative pain management following total knee arthroplasty. PMID: 19884426 [PubMed - in process] (Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American volume)

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  [Co-analgesics--today and tomorrow--a receptor-based overview of therapeutical options]

We describe the peripheral action sites of co-analgesics, such as cannabinoids, capsaicin, bisphosphonates, steroids and somatostatin. We also summarise the effect of peripherally and centrally acting ion-channel blockers, e.g. local anaesthetics, carbamazepine and tolperisone working on sodium channels and gabapentin and pregabalin working on calcium channels. Finally, central analgesic mechanisms are discussed, for instance the inhibition of NMDA-receptors by ketamine or magnesium, the stimulation of alpha2-receptors by clonidine, tizanidine or antidepressants, the activation of GABA-receptors through baclofen and other analgesic mechanisms of i.e. ondansetron and neostigmine. PMID: 19918705 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerzthera...

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  The role of interventional therapies in cancer pain management.

Authors: Tay W, Ho KY Cancer pain is complex and multifactorial. Most cancer pain can be effectively controlled using analgesics in accordance to the WHO analgesic ladder. However, in a small but signifi cant percentage of cancer patients, systemic analgesics fail to provide adequate control of cancer pain. These cancer patients can also suffer from intolerable adverse effects of drug therapy or intractable cancer pain in advance disease. Though the prognosis of these cancer patients is often very limited, the pain relief, reduced medical costs and improvement in function and quality of life from a wide variety of available interventional procedures is extremely invaluable. These interventions can be used as sole agents or as useful adjuncts to supplement analgesics. This review will d...

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  Effects of Clonidine and Methylphenidate on Family Quality of Life in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology Oct 2009, Vol. 19, No. 5: 511-517. (Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology)

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  Preparation, Optimisation and Characterisation of Lyophilised Rapid Disintegrating Tablets Based on Gelatin and Saccharide.

Authors: Alhusban F, Perrie Y, Mohammed AR Despite recent success, rapidly disintegrating lyophilized tablets still face problems of low mechanical strength and higher disintegration times resulting in poor patient compliance. The aim of the current work was to carry out a systematic study to understand the factors controlling mechanical properties of these formulations. The work investigated the influence of two bloom strengths of gelatin: low (60 bloom) and high (225 bloom) at different stock solution concentrations (2, 5, 7.5, and 10 %w/w). This was followed by investigation of addition of five saccharides (xylitol, glucose, trehalose, maltotriose and mannitol) at varied concentration range (10-80 %w/w) to decipher their influence on disintegration time, mechanical and thermal prope...

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  Efficacy of drugs in regional anesthesia: A review

In conclusion, since many different drugs are available for regional anesthesia, we must choose wisely the one that exhibits the best safety-efficacy profile and that suits the chosen technique and type of anesthesia/analgesia best. (Source: European Journal of Pain Supplements)

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  Quiz Page November 2009: Refractory Hypertension in a Man Undergoing Long-term Hemodialysis

A 58-year-old man with end-stage renal disease secondary to diabetes mellitus began hemodialysis therapy in February 2003 through a left upper-extremity arteriovenous fistula. Hypertension was first diagnosed in 2000, and after starting dialysis therapy, systolic blood pressure (BP) was controlled at 150 mm Hg. However, in 2007 and 2008, BP increased to 190/90 mm Hg before, during, and after dialysis treatments despite attempts to reduce his dry weight and administration of maximal doses of nifedipine, valsartan, hydralazine, clonidine, labetalol, and doxazosin. The dialysate bath contained a calcium concentration of 3.0 mEq/L. The patient reported no previous abdominal trauma, surgery, or kidney biopsy. On physical examination, BP in the right arm was 190/90 mm Hg and BP in the right leg ...

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  Luteolin, a non-selective competitive inhibitor of phosphodiesterases 1~5, displaced [(3)H]-rolipram from high-affinity rolipram binding sites and reversed xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia.

In conclusion, because of the low therapeutic (PDE4(H)/PDE4(L)) ratio of luteolin, the gastrointestinal adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting and gastric hypersecretion should be carefully monitored, whenever luteolin is used for treating allergies, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PMID: 19853596 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: European Journal of Pharmacology)

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  Comparison Between Dexmedetomidine and Remifentanil for Intraoperative Controlled Hypotension

We read with great interest the study report by Farah et al, comparing 2 pharmacologic protocols (Clonidine associated with remifentanil and dexmedetomidine associated with isoflurane) for induced arterial hypotension in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery. The authors showed that no significant differences were present between the 2 protocols regarding intraoperative blood pressure, heart rate, surgical bleeding, and awakening and extubation time. Moreover, 10 patients in the Clonidine-remifentanil group required esmolol to control the heart rate versus 2 patients in the dexmedetomidine-isoflurane group. (Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery)

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  CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDEinjection, Solution [PharmaForce, Inc.]

Updated Date: Oct 20, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome with clonidine and chloral hydrate

Conclusion: This study suggests that a treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome with clonidine in omission of opiates is possible without causing short-term adverse cardiovascular effects. Considering the retrospective design of the study, controlled and prospective trials are needed. (Source: Acta Paediatrica)

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  Efficacy and safety of different techniques of paravertebral block for analgesia after thoracotomy: a systematic review and metaregression

Various techniques and drug regimes for thoracic paravertebral block (PVB) have been evaluated for post-thoracotomy analgesia, but there is no consensus on which technique or drug regime is best. We have systematically reviewed the efficacy and safety of different techniques for PVB. Our primary aim was to determine whether local anaesthetic (LA) dose influences the quality of analgesia from PVB. Secondary aims were to determine whether choice of LA agent, continuous infusion, adjuvants, pre-emptive PVB, or addition of patient-controlled opioids improve analgesia. Indirect comparisons between treatment arms of different trials were made using metaregression. Twenty-five trials suitable for metaregression were identified, with a total of 763 patients. The use of higher doses of bupivacaine ...

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  Jenloga (Clonidine Tablets) - updated on RxList

Jenloga (Clonidine Tablets) drug description - FDA approved labeling for prescription drugs and medications at RxList (Source: RxList - New and Updated Drug Monographs)

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  Autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate during spironolactone treatment in hypertensive patients with type 1 diabetes: a randomized crossover trial

Conclusion. Spironolactone did not change the overall ability to autoregulate GFR in 16 hypertensive type 1 diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria. Our data are suggestive that the ability to autoregulate GFR is gradually impaired with increasing diabetes duration, a phenomenon not previously described in normoalbuminuric patients. (Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation)

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  Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists for the prevention of cardiac complications among patients undergoing surgery

Source: Cochrane Library Area: Evidence > Drug Class Focused Reviews Background The surgical stress response plays an important role on the pathogenesis of perioperative cardiac complications. Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists attenuate this response and may thereby prevent cardiac complications. Objectives This review assessed the efficacy and safety of preoperative (within 24 hours), intraoperative, and postoperative (first 48 hours) ?-2 adrenergic agonists for preventing mortality and cardiac complications after surgery performed under either general or neuraxial anaesthesia, or both. Search strategy We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2008, Issue 3), MEDLINE (1950 to August week 4 2008), EMBASE (1980 to week 36 2008), the Scie...

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  Pharmacological profile of intrathecal fadolmidine, a α2-adrenoceptor agonist, in rodent models

Abstract  The present experiments compared the peripheral and central pharmacological effects of three α2-adrenoceptor agonists: fadolmidine, clonidine, and dexmedetomidine after single intrathecal bolus injections at analgesic dose level in rats. Effects on mydriasis and cardiovascular functions were studied in anaesthetised rats, the effects on sedation/motor performance, body temperature, and gastrointestinal motility were evaluated in conscious rats, and also the effects on brain biogenic amines were studied. All compounds caused dose-dependent mydriasis, a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate, sedation, hypothermia, and inhibition of gastrointestinal transit, but in contrast to the analgesic effects, dexmedetomidine and clonidine were much more potent than fadolmi...

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  Bioalliance Pharma Announces Phase I Trial For Fentanyl Lauriad(R) And The Submission Of A Clonidine Lauriad(R) Phase II Clinical Trial Application

BioAlliance Pharma SA (Paris:BIO) (Euronext Paris - BIO), a company dedicated to the treatment and supportive care of cancer and AIDS patients, announced the approval from the French Drug Agency (AFSSaPS) to enter first Phase I clinical trial for Fentanyl Lauriad®. This clinical trial will evaluate the plasma pharmacokinetic parameters of Fentanyl Lauriad® in healthy volunteers. (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

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  Effect of crocus sativus L. (saffron) stigma and its constituents, crocin and safranal, on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice

Crocus sativus L. has been shown to interact with the opioid system. Thus, the effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of stigma and its constituents were evaluated on morphine-withdrawal syndrome in mice. Dependence was induced using subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of morphine for 3 days. On day 4, morphine was injected 0.5 h prior the interaperitoneal (i.p.) injections of the extracts, crocin, safranal, clonidine (0.3 mg/kg) or normal saline. Naloxone was injected (5 mg/kg i.p.) 2 h after the final dose of morphine and the number of episodes of jumping during 30 mm was considered as the intensity of the withdrawal syndrome. Clonidine, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of saffron reduced the jumping activity. Safranal was injected (s.c.) 30 mm prior and 1 and 2 h after the injection of ...

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  clonidine, Catapres, Catapres-TTS

Title: clonidine, Catapres, Catapres-TTSCategory: MedicationsCreated: 5/11/1998Last Editorial Review: 10/8/2009 (Source: MedicineNet High Blood Pressure General)

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  clonidine, Catapres, Catapres-TTS

Title: clonidine, Catapres, Catapres-TTSCategory: MedicationsCreated: 5/11/1998Last Editorial Review: 10/8/2009 (Source: MedicineNet Medications General)

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  clonidine, Catapres, Catapres-TTS

Title: clonidine, Catapres, Catapres-TTSCategory: MedicationsCreated: 5/11/1998Last Editorial Review: 10/8/2009 (Source: MedicineNet Senior Health General)

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  clonidine, Catapres, Catapres-TTS

Title: clonidine, Catapres, Catapres-TTSCategory: MedicationsCreated: 5/11/1998Last Editorial Review: 10/8/2009 (Source: MedicineNet Menopause General)

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  clonidine, Catapres, Catapres-TTS

Title: clonidine, Catapres, Catapres-TTSCategory: MedicationsCreated: 5/11/1998Last Editorial Review: 10/8/2009 (Source: MedicineNet Arthritis General)

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  Clinical Management of Postoperative Vomiting after Strabismus Surgery in Children.

Authors: Fujii Y Strabismus surgery is frequently performed operation in children. Despite improvements in anesthetic and surgical technique, postoperative vomiting (POV) after pediatric strabismus surgery is still being experienced by 41-88% when antiemetic prophylactics are not administered. Various antiemetics are currently available for the prevention and treatment of POV after strabismus surgery in children. Many studies have been conducted using therapeutic regimens to reduce POV. These drugs include traditional antiemetics (droperidol, metoclopramide, scopolamine, dixyradine, and dimenhydrinate), non-traditional antiemetics (dexamethasone, propofol, clonidine, midazolam, and lidocaine), and antiserotonins (ondansetron, granisetron, tropisetron, dolasetron, and ramosetron). Antis...

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  Addrenex Pharmaceuticals Files SNDA Submission For Clonicel To Treat ADHD

Addrenex Pharmaceuticals and Sciele Pharma, Inc., a Shionogi company announced that Addrenex has submitted a supplemental New Drug Application (sNDA) to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for Clonicel (modified-release clonidine) to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

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  CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDEtablet [State Of Florida DOH Central Pharmacy]

Updated Date: Sep 30, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDEtablet [Major Pharmaceuticals]

Updated Date: Sep 29, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  The Phillipses' Perpetual Recovery Freak Show

John and Mackenzie Phillips have been confessing their addictions for decades, teliing worse and worse tales on each go-round, then swearing off drugs forever. Their stories are welcomed each time they re-appear because they perpetuate American myths of recovery - of a medical disease that strikes people randomly and is remedied by confession.In 1981, the Phillipses appeared on the cover of People Magazine around their treatment for cocaine addiction through the administration of the drug Clonidine by legendary addiction doctor, Mark Gold, at Fair Oaks Hospital in Summit New Jersey.  According to the article:"The family's once brilliant spark had nearly flickered out. 'I know Mackenzie felt she would never be able to live again without cocaine,' says her father. 'And I felt there was ...

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  Outpatient intravenous ketamine for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: A double-blind placebo controlled study

This study showed that intravenous ketamine administered in an outpatient setting resulted in statistically significant (p (Source: Pain)

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  CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE TABLETS ( Clonidine Hydrochloride ) Tablet [Unichem Pharmaceuticals (USA), Inc.]

Updated Date: Sep 22, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDEtablet [Contract Pharmacy Services-PA]

Updated Date: Sep 16, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Addition of clonidine or dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine prolongs caudal analgesia in children

(Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia)

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  Complex regional pain syndrome – Mechanisms, diagnosis, and management

This article explores an interdisciplinary setting with comprehensive approach (pharmacological, interventional, and psychological in conjunction with rehabilitation pathway) as the protocol for the practical management of CRPS. Insight in predisposing factors may facilitate early diagnosis and elucidate underlying mechanisms that could provide targets for pharmacotherapy. (Source: Current Anaesthesia and Critical Care)

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  Nefopam but not physostigmine affects the thermoregulatory response in mice via alpha(2)-adrenoceptors.

Authors: Höcker J, Gruenewald M, Meybohm P, Schaper C, Scholz J, Steinfath M, Bein B Nefopam, a non-opioid, centrally acting benzoxazocine analgesic, proved to be as efficient in treatment of postanaesthetic thermoregulatory shivering as clonidine or meperidine. However, its exact mechanism of action is still unclear. Potent antishivering activity was also demonstrated for physostigmine primarily based on cholinergic but probably also different additional mechanisms of action. Hypothesizing an involvement of alpha(2)-adrenoceptors we studied their role in nefopam- and physostigmine-mediated thermoregulation in a mouse model of nonshivering thermogenesis. To differentiate possible alpha(2)-adrenoceptor subtype-specific interactions, we analysed wildtype mice and mice with deletion ...

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  Catapres (Clonidine) - updated on RxList

Catapres (Clonidine) drug description - FDA approved labeling for prescription drugs and medications at RxList (Source: RxList - New and Updated Drug Monographs)

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  Restless legs and periodic leg movements in sleep syndromes

Abstract  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common sensorimotor disorder with an estimated prevalence of between 1% and 5%. The symptomatology is characterized by unpleasant sensations experienced predominantly in the legs and rerely in the arms. The symptoms occur only at rest and become more pronounced in the evening or at night. In addition, the patients suffer from a strong urge to move the limbs, typically manifest as walking around, which leads to complete but only temporary relief of the symptoms. Most of the patients with RLS have periodic leg movements (PLMS) during sleep and relaxed wakefulness that are characterized by repetitive flexions of the extremities. PLMS can occur as an isolated phenomenon, but often they occur together with other sleep disorders includi...

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  A survey of pediatric caudal extradural anesthesia practice.

CONCLUSIONS: This survey provides a snapshot of current practice and acts a useful reference for the development of enhanced techniques and new equipment in the future. PMID: 19691690 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia)

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  A phase II clinical trial to assess the safety of clonidine in acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning

Conclusions: Our findings suggest use of moderate doses of clonidine in acute organophosphate poisoning can be used without causing frequent clinical problems but that higher doses are associated with a high incidence of hypotension requiring intervention. Further studies are needed to study the efficacy of clonidine as an antidote in organophosphate poisoning.Trial registration: Current Controlled Trial ISRCTN89917816. (Source: Trials)

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  Par Pharmaceutical and Aveva Drug Delivery Systems Receive Final Approval to Market Generic Catapres TTS(R)

Par to Begin Shipping Clonidine TDS in the Near Future WOODCLIFF LAKE, N.J., Aug. 18 (HSMN NewsFeed) -- Par Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc. (NYSE: PRX ) today announced that its licensing partner, Aveva Drug Delivery Systems, has received final approva... Biopharmaceuticals, Generics, FDAPar Pharmaceutical, Aveva Drug Delivery Systems, clonidine transdermal system (Source: HSMN NewsFeed)

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  Par Pharmaceutical & Aveva Drug Delivery Systems Receive Final Approval To Market Generic Catapres TTS®

Par Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc. (NYSE: PRX ) today announced that its licensing partner, Aveva Drug Delivery Systems, has received final approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for its Abbreviated New Drug Application for a clonidine transdermal system. (Source: Pharmaceutical Online News)

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  {alpha}2-Receptor Agonists for Treatment and Prevention of Iatrogenic Opioid Abstinence Syndrome in Critically Ill Patients (September).

CONCLUSIONS: Central alpha2-agonists appear to be effective and safe second-line agents for treatment and prevention of IOAS. Further studies should be conducted to determine their role in the therapy of patients with IOAS. PMID: 19690220 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy)

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  Bye-Bye Suboxone - The Liquid Taper Was a Success!

Author: Diary of a Quitter Posted: Thu Aug 13, 2009 10:29 pm Ugh. Today kinda sucked. I took a clonidine last night and it kicked my ass back into Tuesday. I've never liked taking sleep aids because the sleep just doesn't feel as refreshing, but I really needed it. I hadn't slept more than 4 hours a night for almost a week. I slept 8 hours with the clonidine, but good lord was I hungover today. Still. I dragged my ass outta bed and went to therapy and then to work where I managed to accomplish stuff. I ate healthy food and just sat and rested when I needed to. I had smartly set aside some less-physical projects to accomplish should such a day as today arise, so that was good. I think perhaps someday I might actually be good at life...

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  Quitting suboxone, whats gonna happen?

Author: Diary of a Quitter Posted: Thu Aug 13, 2009 12:55 pm I am ten days off Suboxone and feeling...fine. I've had a problem with waking up at 4am and not getting back to sleep, but I took clonidine last night and slept 8 hours. I've been going to work, going to the gym, cleaning my house, got registered for school and threw a birthday party during this time. I've also given myself time to rest, meditate and take lots of hot baths. I have a thread already in the Stopping Suboxone section of the forum with all the details if you want to read it. I did a long, slow taper down to .2mgs and stopped. The withdrawal has been about as annoying as a mild cold. Like the kind of cold where you don't feel 100% but you're not really sick eno...

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  Bilateral L1 and L2 dorsal root ganglion blocks for discogenic low-back pain

Conclusion We conclude that blocks of this nociceptive pathway in humans using bilateral DRG blocks has no therapeutic value. (Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia)

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  Defeating Normal Thermoregulatory Defenses. Induction of Therapeutic Hypothermia.

Authors: Sessler DI Therapeutic hypothermia may be useful in various circumstances including stroke. However, core body temperature is normally tightly regulated. Even mild hypothermia in conscious subjects thus provokes vigorous thermoregulatory defenses which are potentially harmful in fragile patients. Furthermore, thermoregulatory responses are effective, which reduces the rate at which hypothermia can be induced. Drugs are thus often given to blunt normal thermoregulatory defenses. General anesthetics profoundly impair thermoregulatory control, but prolonged general anesthesia is rarely practical or appropriate. A variety of other drugs have therefore been evaluated. Most opioids only slightly impair thermoregulatory defenses, but meperidine is considerably more effective than equ...

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  Potentiated startle as a measure of the negative affective consequences of repeated exposure to nicotine in rats

Conclusions  These results suggest that nicotine withdrawal escalates in severity across days, similar to the previously reported escalation of opiate withdrawal-potentiated startle. Potentiated startle may be a reliable measure of withdrawal from different classes of abused drugs and may be useful in the study of the early stages of drug dependence. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationDOI 10.1007/s00213-009-1632-2Authors Jeffrey M. Engelmann, University of Minnesota Department of Psychology 75 East River Rd Minneapolis MN 55455 USAAnna K. Radke, University of Minnesota Department of Neuroscience 321 Church St. S Minneapolis MN 55455 USAJonathan C. Gewirtz, University of Minnesota Department of Psychology 75 East River Rd Minneapolis MN 55455 USA...

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  Generation and Characterization of Novel Human IRAS Monoclonal Antibodies

We reported that IRAS mediated agmatine-induced inhibition of opioid dependence in morphine-dependent cells. To elucidate the functional and structure properties of I1R, we developed the newly monoclonal antibody against the N-terminal hIRAS region including the PX domain (10–120aa) through immunization of BALB/c mice with the NusA-IRAS fusion protein containing an IRAS N-terminal (10–120aa). Stable hybridoma cell lines were established and monoclonal antibodies specifically recognized full-length IRAS proteins in their native state by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation. Monoclonal antibodies stained in a predominantly punctate cytoplasmic pattern when applied to IRAS-transfected HEK293 cells by indirect immunofluorescence assays and demonstrated excellent reactivity in...

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  Unilateral anesthesia possible with bupivacaine–clonidine combination

Unilateral spinal anesthesia can be achieved when bupivacaine is combined with clonidine, but clonidine does prolong the motor block and increase the need for vasopressors, researchers report. (Source: MedWire News - Anesthesiology)

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  Toxicity from a clonidine suspension.

Conclusion: Particular care should be taken with medications that have low therapeutic indices, that are extemporaneously compounded, and are prepared as liquids, where medication errors are more likely. PMID: 19655285 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Medical Toxicology)

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  Examination of reinforcement magnitude on the pharmacological disruption of fixed-ratio performance.

Behavioral momentum theory proposes that operant behavior is the product of two separable processes: its rate of occurrence and its resistance to change. Generally speaking, operant situations providing more densely spaced or greater magnitudes of reinforcement should be more resistant to disruption. Attempts to disrupt ongoing behavior by manipulating the availability of food or deprivation level typically have supported the predictions of behavioral momentum. Tests with pharmacological disruptors, however, have yielded mixed results. Most investigations of pharmacological disruption of operant behavior have evaluated momentum across situations that differ in rate of reinforcement. The present experiment was an attempt to systematically replicate prior work, but under conditions of differ...

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  Major issue, plz help!

Author: MACKENZY3376 Posted: Fri Jul 31, 2009 1:18 am DUDE!!! u cant do this alone all by urself. from my experience if i had been alone i would have killed myself. pleeease if nothing else-cant you go to a hospital or something? im not familiar with where you are or how in general the healthcare is and this might sound childish but if nothing else i would go to a hospital and tell them if they dont help you that you think you might commit suicide. you need help and i always try to put myself in the others shoes and if i didnt have the help from my parents or anyone else, i think i would have to go to that extreme. i can hardly imagine being in a foreign country and feeling that desperate, helpless and alone but i have no idea what ...

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  Sleep toooooo much! Help

Author: Calliope Posted: Tue Jul 28, 2009 2:26 am jsp4th wrote: yah sometimes I only take 1/4 of the zanaflex...they knock out the headache but they knock me out too. I keep hearing about clonidine...it's a blood pressure med right? i'm only 26 and i'm not sure if I want to go that route. I hear of a naltrexone implant that you can get after subs...thinking about that for after I get off subs. Trying to cut down to 16mg third day down 1 pill...feel ok not great but better than I thought. Sleep has been great w/out ambien. Don't know if i'm gonna take that ever again. JayJay P. Clonidine is a high blood pressure medication that is also used to help with opiate detoxification. It made my heart beat reeaally sllooww....

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  Smoking cessation pharmacotherapy

Cigarette smoking remains an important risk factor for premature cardiovascular disease and its many complications. There are clear benefits from treating tobacco dependence on the rate of clinical outcomes. In addition to behavioral therapies, various pharmacologic strategies have been developed to help achieve this goal. First-line therapies include nicotine replacement, bupropion and varenicline, a partial nicotine antagonist. Second-line treatments include clonidine and nortriptyline. Additional treatment strategies with less proven efficacy include monoamine oxidase inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, opioid receptor antagonists, bromocriptine, anti-anxiety drugs, nicotinic receptor antagonists (e.g. mecamylamine) and glucose tablets. Various approaches under investig...

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  Clonidine as an Adjuvant to Local Anesthetics for Peripheral Nerve and Plexus Blocks: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials

The effect of adding clonidine to local anesthetics for nerve or plexus blocks remains unclear. The authors searched for randomized placebo-controlled trials testing the impact of adding clonidine to local anesthetics for peripheral single-injection nerve or plexus blocks in adults undergoing any surgery (except eye) without general anesthesia. Twenty trials (1,054 patients, 573 received clonidine) published 1992-2006 tested plexus (14 brachial, 1 cervical) and nerve blocks (2 sciatic/femoral, 1 midhumeral, 1 ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric, 1 ankle). Clonidine doses ranged from 30 to 300 [mu]g; most patients received 150 [mu]g. Clonidine prolonged the duration of postoperative analgesia (weighted mean difference 122 min; 95% confidence interval [CI] 74-169), sensory block (weighted mean diff...

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  The antinociceptive effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine in colorectal distension-induced visceral pain in rats: the role of opioid receptors.

CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that IV dexmedetomidine exerts pronounced antinociception against CRD-induced visceral pain and suggest that the antinociceptive effect of dexmedotimidine is mediated in part by opioid receptors, but peripheral alpha(2)-ARs are not involved. PMID: 19608839 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia)

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  Meet Us at CPhI 2009

Aveva Drug Delivery Systems will be exhibiting at CPhI 2009 in Madrid, Spain, 13-15 October, in booth number USP071. Contact Mrs Ivis Alonso to schedule a meeting at our booth: ivis.alonso@avevadds.com Aveva is a world leader in transdermal drug delivery with a broad array of innovative technologies and products. Products/services for licensing: Sufentanil (global rights available) Fentanyl (launched in the US and Canada - rest of the world available) Clonidine (Ex US rights available) Clearback Nicotine (approved in the US, Canada and Latin America) Co-development projects ... (Source: Pharmaceutical Technology)

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  Addition of clonidine or dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine prolongs caudal analgesia in children

Conclusions Addition of dexmedetomidine or clonidine to caudal bupivacaine significantly promoted analgesia in children undergoing lower abdominal surgeries with no significant advantage of dexmedetomidine over clonidine and without an increase in incidence of side-effects. (Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia)

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  Liquified Suboxone Taper Method: So Far, So Good

Author: Diary of a Quitter Posted: Fri Jul 10, 2009 3:25 am Good lord, I am too lazy to keep my own taper thread updated. I had this realization today that I have only 12mgs of Suboxone left, and then I am done. To be totally honest, I'm a little scared, but my insurance and my financial situation are a good incentive to at least give this my best shot. My doctor thinks I'm ready, and most of the time I agree. I've been on .4mgs (400mcg) for the past 2 weeks. I feel the worst at night - I get a lot of headaches and I'm restless. I think this is because I now dose only in the morning, where before I was dosing twice a day. Also, I had chronic migraines before I was on Sub, and when I got on Sub my headaches were decreased quite ...

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  CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDEtablet [Mutual Pharmaceutical Co., Inc.]

Updated Date: Jul 9, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Induction set for July 20

Author: a692poundgorilla Posted: Wed Jul 08, 2009 11:50 pm their are medications such as clonidine that help with the wait. Maybe your doctor can prescribe you some. Ive heard and read that 30 mgs of methadone is equivalent to a certain dose of suboxone. I am not sure if thats correct, maybe the doc can answer that. But, follow your doctors or nurses orders, methadone stays in the system a lot longer than most other types of opiates which is why the wait is longer. I went online while I waited to take my suboxone and looked at this chart, called cows i think, that tells you when your safe to take the suboxone based on your symptoms. This might help you gauge your progress but make sure you follow doctors orders. If you can, try to k...

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  [Severe differed respiratory depression after intrathecal administration of morphine and clonidine on a 70-year-old patient.]

We report a case of severe and differed respiratory depression to a 70-year-old patient after spinal anaesthesia for prostatic adenomectomy. Ten milligram of bupivacaine, 30mug of clonidine and 100mug of morphine has been administrated intrathecally. The anaesthesia has lasted 4h and, 16h after the induction, the patient had a respiratory depression with bradypnea (5c/min), hypoxia (SpO(2) 80%) and sedation (scale 3 of Wilson). The evolution was favourable after intravenous injection of naloxone and oxygenotherapy. The use of low dose intrathecal morphine can involve a respiratory depression. Intrathecal association of morphine and clonidine must be careful used among old patients and require a monitoring during the first 24h. PMID: 19586745 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source:...

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  Antidepressant Like Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Involve Modulation of Imidazoline Receptors by Agmatine.

Authors: Taksande BG, Kotagale NR, Tripathi SJ, Ugale RR, Chopde CT Recent findings demonstrated the dysregulation of imidazoline receptor binding sites in major depression and their normalization by chronic treatment with antidepressants including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Present study investigated the role of agmatine and imidazoline receptors in antidepressant like effect of SSRIs and imipramine in mouse forced swimming test (FST) paradigm. The antidepressant like effect of fluoxetine or paroxetine was potentiated by imidazoline I(1)/I(2) receptor agonist agmatine (5-10mg/kg, ip), imidazoline I(1) receptor agonists, moxonidine (0.25-0.5mg/kg, ip) and clonidine (0.015-0.03mg/kg, ip), imidazoline I(2) receptor agonist, 2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline (5-10mg/k...

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  Multimodal Analgesia for Hip Arthroplasty

Multimodal analgesia incorporates the use of analgesic adjuncts with different mechanisms of action to enhance postoperative pain management. Acetaminophen, anti-inflammatories, and gabapentinoids provide effective analgesia while reducing opioid requirements and opioid-related side effects. Intrathecal morphine and periarticular local anesthetic infiltration further enhance dynamic analgesia and improve postoperative mobilization. Epidural analgesia, peripheral nerve blocks, tramadol, ketamine, and/or clonidine can be added for improved benefit in opioid-tolerant individuals. (Source: Orthopedic Clinics of North America)

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  Multimodal analgesia for hip arthroplasty.

Authors: Tang R, Evans H, Chaput A, Kim C Multimodal analgesia incorporates the use of analgesic adjuncts with different mechanisms of action to enhance postoperative pain management. Acetaminophen, anti-inflammatories, and gabapentinoids provide effective analgesia while reducing opioid requirements and opioid-related side effects. Intrathecal morphine and periarticular local anesthetic infiltration further enhance dynamic analgesia and improve postoperative mobilization. Epidural analgesia, peripheral nerve blocks, tramadol, ketamine, and/or clonidine can be added for improved benefit in opioid-tolerant individuals. PMID: 19576406 [PubMed - in process] (Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America)

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  CLORPRES (Clonidine Hydrochloride And Chlorthalidone) Tablet [BERTEK PHARMACEUTICALS INC.]

Updated Date: Jun 30, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Adrenoceptors: non conventional target for breast cancer?

Authors: Lüthy IA, Bruzzone A, Piñero CP, Castillo LF, Chiesa IJ, Vázquez SM, Sarappa MG Epinephrine and Norepinephrine, typically released during stress bind to nine different adrenoceptors (AR) which classically control the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. New targets were described for the many agonists and antagonists developed for these AR, as the central nervous system. During the last three decades, AR expression and action on the mammary gland/breast were extensively investigated. In the cow mammary gland, good milkability was associated with low density of beta(2)-AR and high density of alpha(2)-AR. In the rat normal mammary gland, beta-AR are expressed in the epithelial cells, alveoli, ducts, and adipocytes showing an exquisite regulation by steroid horm...

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  The Use of Iontophoresis in the Administration of Nicotine and New Non-Nicotine Drugs Through the Skin for Smoking Cessation.

Authors: Escobar-Chávez JJ, Merino-Sanjuán V, López-Cervantes M, Rodríguez-Cruz IM, Quintanar-Guerrero D, Ganem-Quintanar A Cigarette smoking is the primary cause of lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, reproductive disorders and delayed wound healing all over the world; as such, the goals of smoking cessation are both to reduce health risks and to improve quality of life. The development of novel and more effective medications for smoking cessation is crucial in the treatment of nicotine dependence. Currently, first-line smoking cessation therapies include nicotine replacement products and bupropion. The partial nicotinic receptor agonist, varenicline, has recently been approved by the FDA for smoking cessation. A newer product seeking approval by the FDA is nicot...

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  Bupivacaine/clonidine/morphine: Soft tissue ulcer following dislocation of an epidural catheter in an elderly patient: case report.

Page: 11 (Source: Reactions Weekly)

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  Bupivacaine/clonidine/morphine: Soft tissue ulcer following dislocation of an epidural catheter in an elderly patient: case report

(Source: Reactions)

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  Sleep toooooo much! Help

Author: jamez70 Posted: Thu Jun 25, 2009 12:50 am Diary, Have you ever tried Atarax? Its an antihistamine, and it works pretty well for a short time (its also a narcotic potentiator).. Also Clonidine can sometimes help with anxiety and thats relatively 'safe'. I occasionally use benzos. I'm crazy careful with them. I don't want a benzo dependency thats for sure! They are useful occasionally though and safe that way. (Source: Suboxone Forum)

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  Pharmacological analysis of α2-adrenoceptor subtypes mediating analgesic, anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective actions

Abstract  Our previous findings suggest that α2-adrenoceptor stimulants induce gastroprotective action, the effect is likely to be mediated by α2B-adrenoceptor subtype. Clonidine (0.094 μmol/kg p.o.) and rilmenidine (0.014 μmol/kg p.o.) in gastroprotective dose range, as well as ST-91 (2.2 μmol/kg p.o.), a clonidine analogue showing higher affinity to α2B-adrenoceptor subtype than to α2A-one, inhibited the carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia in Randall-Selitto test, the antinociceptive action was reversed by yohimbine (5 μmol/kg s.c.) and the α2B-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (0.24 μmol/kg i.p.). Similarly, clonidine and rilmenidine in the same dose range reduced the oedema formation induced by carrageenan, yohimbine and the α2A-adrenoc...

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  Treating withdrawal symptoms

Author: LogicalTruth Posted: Mon Jun 08, 2009 11:59 am Careful with the Clonidine, which is a blood pressure medication. If your BP is already pretty low it can cause you to faint. Some meds help a little, but you kind of have to grunt through the opiate withdrawals after stopping Suboxone, until your body has a chance to normalize to an opiate-free state. If you have been on Suboxone for many months this will likely take a few months, but the worst of it is over in the first weeks. Hope it goes well for you. (Source: Suboxone Forum)

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  Preoperative clonidine or levobupivacaine--effect on systemic inflammatory stress response.

Authors: Persec J, Periec Z, Buković D, Merc V, Pavelić J, Zupić T With perioperative pain control it is possible to supervise immune system, release of inflammation mediators, and influence on treatment outcome. Use of analgetics before the pain stimulus (preventive analgesia) obstruct development of neuroplastic changes in central nervous system, and reduces pain. Investigation hypothesis was that preoperative epidural clonidine is more efficient in blockade of systemic inflammatory stress response comparing to levobupivacaine. Patients were allocated to three groups, according to preoperative epidural use of clonidine, levobupivacaine or saline (control group). Before operation, 1 h after the beginning, 1 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h after the operation following paramete...

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  Clorpres (Clonidine Hydrochloride and Chlorthalidone) - updated on RxList

Clorpres (Clonidine Hydrochloride and Chlorthalidone) drug description - FDA approved labeling for prescription drugs and medications at RxList (Source: RxList - New and Updated Drug Monographs)

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  Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder: An Update

Pharmacotherapy 29(6): 656-679 Abstract Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder that impairs social, academic, and occupational functioning in children, adolescents, and adults. In patients with ADHD, neurobiologic research has shown a lack of connectivity in key brain regions, inhibitory control deficits, delayed brain maturation, and noradrenergic and dopaminergic dysfunction in multiple brain regions. The prevalence of this disorder in the United States is 6-9% in youth (i.e., children and adolescents) and 3-5% in adults. Prevalence rates for youth are similar worldwide. Children with ADHD are at greater risk than children without ADHD for substance abuse and delinquency whether or not they receive drug therapy; however, early treatment with...

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  Cephalad migration of intrathecal clonidine in an infant undergoing bilateral herniorrhaphy.

Authors: Rakesh SV, Rajeev S, Batra YK, Rao KL PMID: 19475467 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia)

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  Induced Hypothermia for Infants With Hypoxic- Ischemic Encephalopathy Using a Servo-Controlled Fan: An Exploratory Pilot Study

CONCLUSIONS. Servo-controlled fan cooling with room-temperature air, combined with servo-controlled radiant warming, was an effective, simple, and safe method of inducing and maintaining rectal temperatures of 33°C to 34°C in sedated infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. After induction of hypothermia, a low fan speed facilitated accurate temperature control, and warmer-controlled rewarming at 0.2°C increments every 30 minutes resulted in more appropriate rewarming than when 0.5°C increments every hour were used. (Source: PEDIATRICS)

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  Clonidine transport at the mouse blood–brain barrier by a new H+ antiporter that interacts with addictive drugs

Clonidine transport at the mouse blood–brain barrier by a new H+ antiporter that interacts with addictive drugs Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism advance online publication, May 20, 2009. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2009.54 Authors: Pascal André, Marcel Debray, Jean-Michel Scherrmann & Salvatore Cisternino (Source: Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow)

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  Chronic oral nicotine increases brain [3H]epibatidine binding and responsiveness to antidepressant drugs, but not nicotine, in the mouse forced swim test

Discussion  It is suggested that the increased sensitivity to antidepressants after chronic nicotine exposure involves increased high-affinity nAChR-mediated neurotransmission. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationDOI 10.1007/s00213-009-1560-1Authors Jesper T. Andreasen, NeuroSearch A/S Department of Affective Disorders 93 Pederstrupvej 2750 Ballerup DenmarkElsebet Ø. Nielsen, NeuroSearch A/S Department of Pharmacodynamics 93 Pederstrupvej 2750 Ballerup DenmarkJohn P. Redrobe, NeuroSearch A/S Department of Affective Disorders 93 Pederstrupvej 2750 Ballerup Denmark Journal PsychopharmacologyOnline ISSN 1432-2072Print ISSN 0033-3158 (Source: Psychopharmacology)

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  Effects of epidural clonidine and neostigmine following intrathecal labour analgesia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Conclusion: Epidural administration of neostigmine 500μg and clonidine 75μg, following the intrathecal injection of ropivacaine and sufentanil, prolongs analgesia and reduces hourly ropivacaine consumption. (Source: International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia)

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  Project: SLEEPS: Safety profiLe, Efficacy and Equivalence in Paediatric intensive care Sedation: a comparison of clonidine and midazolam

Chief Investigator: Professor Andrew Wolf, Professor of Anaesthesia, Paediatric Intensive Care, Bristol Royal Hospital for ChildrenResearch Type: Primary Research (e.g. trial)ICD Chapters: Key Areas: Children and younger peopleInterventions: Drug treatment, intensive care and phys supportResearch Type: Primary Research (e.g. trial)Expected publication date: Late 2013HTA project ref: 05/515/01 (Source: HTA Programme - New projects and publications)

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  Evaluation and management of the patient with difficult-to-control or resistant hypertension.

Authors: Viera AJ, Hinderliter AL High blood pressure is often difficult to control. Resistant hypertension is blood pressure above goal despite adherence to a combination of at least three antihypertensive medications of different classes, optimally dosed and usually including a diuretic. The approach to blood pressure that is apparently difficult to control begins with an assessment of the patient's adherence to the management plan, including lifestyle modifications and medications. White-coat hypertension may need to be ruled out. Suboptimal therapy is the most common reason for failure to reach the blood pressure goal. Once-daily fixed-dose combination pills may improve control through the synergism of antihypertensive agents from different classes and improved adherence. Truly dru...

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  DURACLON (Clonidine Hydrochloride) Injection, Solution [Xanodyne]

Updated Date: May 14, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Ginkgo biloba treating patients with attention-deficit disorder

Various medications such as clonidine facilitate calming, enhance frustration tolerance and reduce aggression in attention-deficit disorder (ADD) patients. The use of Ginkgo biloba was studied as an herbal alternative. Six psychiatric outpatients diagnosed with ADD were rated at baseline and while taking Ginkgo biloba to determine its efficacy as a treatment for ADD. Comparisons of Wender Utah ratings within subject were used to measure behavioral changes in the subjects. During Ginkgo biloba treatment, the patients' mean scores improved significantly overall and in hyperactivity, inattention, and immaturity factors. This preliminary study indicates that Ginkgo biloba might be a beneficial and useful treatment of ADD, with minimal side effects. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (So...

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  Case report: postoperative analgesia and preserved motor function with clonidine and buprenorphine via a sciatic perineural catheter

Abstract: Two cases of posterolateral corner reconstruction of the knee with postoperative sciatic perineural analgesia using a mixture of clonidine and buprenorphine, are presented. Numeric rating scores for pain with movement were 0-2 out of 10 postoperatively after injection. Gross motor function below the knee was maintained in both cases. (Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia)

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  Clonidine a Useful Adjunct to Opioids for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

Results of a study suggest that clonidine is a useful adjunct to standard opioid therapy for neonatal abstinence syndrome, which is seen in the majority of infants born to substance-dependent women. Reuters Health Information (Source: Medscape Medical News Headlines)

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  Clonidine/escitalopram interaction: Drowsiness (first report) in an elderly patient: case report

(Source: Reactions)

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  Clonidine/escitalopram interaction: Drowsiness (first report) in an elderly patient: case report.

Page: 13 (Source: Reactions Weekly)

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  Complex cardiovascular actions of α-adrenergic receptors expressed in the nucleus tractus solitarii of rats

In this study, we microinjected [alpha]1- and [alpha]2-AR agonists into the NTS of urethane-anaesthetized Wister rats to study the cardiovascular effects in response to their activation. When the [alpha]1-AR agonist phenylephrine was microinjected into the area where barosensitive neurons are dominantly located (baro-NTS), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were significantly elevated. When tested in the area where chemosensitive neurons are dominantly located (chemo-NTS), however, MAP and HR were significantly decreased. Pretreatment with the non-specific [alpha]-AR antagonist phentolamine into the NTS inhibited the phenylephrine-induced cardiovascular responses. In contrast, microinjection of the [alpha]2-AR agonist clonidine into either the baro-NTS or the chemo-NTS decrea...

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  [Mechanisms Of Signal Transduction] Epitope-tagged Receptor Knock-in Mice Reveal That Differential Desensitization of {alpha}2-Adrenergic Responses Is because of Ligand-selective Internalization

Although ligand-selective regulation of G protein-coupled receptor-mediated signaling and trafficking are well documented, little is known about whether ligand-selective effects occur on endogenous receptors or whether such effects modify the signaling response in physiologically relevant cells. Using a gene targeting approach, we generated a knock-in mouse line, in which N-terminal hemagglutinin epitope-tagged 2A-adrenergic receptor (AR) expression was driven by the endogenous mouse 2AAR gene locus. Exploiting this mouse line, we evaluated 2AAR trafficking and 2AAR-mediated inhibition of Ca2+ currents in native sympathetic neurons in response to clonidine and guanfacine, two drugs used for treatment of hypertension, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, and enhancement of analgesi...

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  Clonidine as an Adjunct Therapy to Opioids for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

CONCLUSIONS. In this randomized, double-blind trial, adding clonidine to standard opioid therapy for detoxification from in utero exposure to methadone or heroin reduced the duration of pharmacotherapy for neonatal abstinence without causing short-term adverse cardiovascular outcomes. A larger trial is indicated to determine long-term safety. (Source: PEDIATRICS)

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  Neuroimmune perspectives in sepsis

Physiologic anti-inflammatory mechanisms are selected by evolution to control the immune system and prevent infectious and inflammatory disorders. Central acting alpha2-agonists attenuate systemic inflammation and improve survival in experimental sepsis. This anti-inflammatory and therapeutic mechanism of central sympatholytics appears to be mediated by an unexpected vagomimetic potential of the alpha2-agonists to activate the vagus nerve. But, recent studies rule out a cholinergic anti-inflammatory mechanism based on a direct cholinergic interaction between the vagus nerve and the immune system. Since the nervous system is the principal regulator of the immune system, physiologic studies understanding the neuro-immune connections can provide major advantages to design novel therapeutic st...

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  Effects of clonidine and sumatriptan on postprandial gastric volume response, antral contraction waves and emptying: an MRI study

Abstract Gastric emptying (GE) may be driven by tonic contraction of the stomach ('pressure pump') or antral contraction waves (ACW) ('peristaltic pump'). The mechanism underlying GE was studied by contrasting the effects of clonidine ([alpha]2-adrenergic agonist) and sumatriptan (5-HT1 agonist) on gastric function. Magnetic resonance imaging provided non-invasive assessment of gastric volume responses, ACW and GE in nine healthy volunteers. Investigations were performed in the right decubitus position after ingestion of 500 mL of 10% glucose (200 kcal) under placebo [0.9% NaCl intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC)], clonidine [0.01 mg min[minus]1 IV, max 0.1 mg (placebo SC)] or sumatriptan [6 mg SC (placebo IV)]. Total gastric volume (TGV) and gastric content volume (GCV) were assessed e...

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