MedWorm: Ciprofloxacin

  FDA Approves Orphan Drug Status for Inhaled Ciprofloxacin for Cystic Fibrosis

The FDA has approved orphan drug status for inhaled ciprofloxacin for pulmonary infection resulting from Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in patients with cystic fibrosis. Medscape Medical News (Source: Medscape PublicHealth Headlines)

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  Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in intestinal flora of patients undergoing prostatic biopsy: implications for prophylaxis and treatment of infections after biopsy

CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that in the coliforms in the bowel flora of our local population there is a relatively high level of resistance to ciprofloxacin and coamoxiclav, and very low level of resistance to amikacin. As there was a strong correlation between the antimicrobial sensitivity of organisms causing infections after TGB and those isolated from the rectal swabs, we conclude that rectal swab cultures before TGB provide useful evidence for selecting appropriate antimicrobials for prophylaxis and treatment of TGB-associated infections. (Source: BJU International)

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  Bacterial conjunctivitis

New evidence; conclusion confirmed for: Empirical treatment with topical antibiotics in people with suspected bacterial conjunctivitis One RCT with weak methods added comparing moxifloxacin versus combination trimethoprim/polymyxin. The RCT found that moxifloxacin increased clinical and microbiological cure rates compared with trimethoprim/polymyxin, which ran contrary to findings of multiple other RCTs that found equivalent effectiveness for these outcomes when different antibiotics were compared with each other. Categorisation unchanged (Likely to be beneficial). Antibiotics (topical) in people with culture-positive non-gonococcal bacterial conjunctivitis Five RCTs added. The first three RCTs compared top...

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  Changes in cystic fibrosis sputum microbiology in the United States between 1995 and 2008

This study recruited a contemporary cohort of CF patients meeting similar eligibility criteria as the 520 subjects in the Phase 3 trials of inhaled tobramycin (historical cohort). Subjects submitted a single sputum specimen to a centralized laboratory for culture and susceptibility testing. Data were summarized and cross-sectional prevalence estimates were compared between cohorts. Exploratory analyses examined associations between recent antibiotic exposures and resistance prevalence.Sputum samples from 267 subjects from 33 US CF centers were submitted for testing. A total of 656 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were identified from 253 culture-positive subjects. Comparison between cohorts revealed an increase in the prevalence of subjects with tobramycin resistant (11.8% vs. 30.4%, P < 0....

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  Persistence of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in the Face of Multiple Antibiotics.

Authors: Blango MG, Mulvey MA Numerous antibiotics are proven effective at ameliorating the clinical symptoms of urinary tract infections (UTIs), but recurrent and chronic infections continue to plague many individuals. Most UTIs are caused by strains of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), which can form both extra- and intracellular biofilm-like communities within the bladder. UPEC also persist inside of host urothelial cells in a more quiescent state, sequestered within late endosomal compartments. Here, we tested a panel of 17 different antibiotics, representing seven distinct functional classes, for their effects on survival of the reference UPEC isolate UTI89 within both biofilms and host bladder urothelial cells. All but one of the tested antibiotics prevented UTI89 growth in ...

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  Molecular characterization of moxifloxacin resistance from Canadian Clostridium difficile clinical isolates

Abstract: Fluoroquinolone resistance in Clostridium difficile has been implicated in recent outbreaks of C. difficile infection. The purpose of this report was to characterize the molecular mechanism conferring resistance to moxifloxacin among C. difficile clinical isolates. Eighty-four C. difficile clinical isolates (collected as part of the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program) were evaluated in the current study. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to type the isolates. Susceptibility testing was performed using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute agar dilution methods. The quinolone resistance-determining region of both gyrA and gyrB was amplified using polymerase chain reaction and sequenced for each isolate. The proportion of isolates studied by the North ...

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  Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnr and aac(6′)-Ib-cr in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. from Norway and Sweden

Abstract: The prevalence of the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes qnr and aac(6′)-Ib-cr was investigated among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. selected from 2 collections of consecutive isolates collected in 2004 to 2005 in Norway (n = 2479) and Sweden (n = 2980) and 1 group of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates collected in 2003 in Norway (n = 71). A total of 414 isolates was selected for screening based on resistance to nalidixic acid and/or reduced susceptibility/resistance to ciprofloxacin. The prevalence of both qnr and aac(6′)-Ib-cr was higher among the ESBL producers (9.1% and 52.3%, respectively) than in the consecutive isolates (1.1% and 3.2%, respectively). qnrS1 was detected in 6 isolates, whereas qnrB1 and qnrB7 were...

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  Molecular characterization of macrolide- and multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from adult patients in Barcelona, Spain (1993-2008)

Conclusions The peak of macrolide resistance rates among S. pyogenes observed in the 2001–2004 period was associated with an increase in the MLSB phenotype caused by the spread of emm11-ST403 and emm28-ST52 clones harbouring transposons of the Tn916 family. However, erythromycin resistance rates decreased significantly in the 2007–2008 period. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

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  Comparative in vitro activity of tigecycline and other antimicrobial agents against Shigella species from Kuwait and the United Arab of Emirates

In conclusion, Shigella spp. isolated from symptomatic patients in Kuwait and the UAE demonstrated high rates of resistance to the first-line antibiotics but very susceptible to the carbapenems, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and tigecycline. Tigecycline holds promise as a potential drug of choice for the therapy of severe shigellosis. (Source: Journal of Infection and Public Health)

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  FDA Grants Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Orphan Drug Designation for Investigational Ciprofloxacin Dry Powder Inhaler for the Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis

WAYNE, N.J., March 11 (HSMN NewsFeed) -- Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals announced today that an orphan drug designation has been granted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for ciprofloxacin dry powder inhaler (DPI) for management of pulmona... Biopharmaceuticals, FDABayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, ciprofloxacin dry powder (Source: HSMN NewsFeed)

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  ZnO nanoparticles enhanced antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Authors: Banoee M, Seif S, Nazari ZE, Jafari-Fesharaki P, Shahverdi HR, Moballegh A, Moghaddam KM, Shahverdi AR Nanoparticle metal oxides offer a wide variety of potential applications in medicine due to the unprecedented advances in nanobiotechnology research. In this work, the effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles prepared by mechano-chemical method on the antibacterial activity of different antibiotics was evaluated using disk diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The average size of ZnO nanoparticles was between 20 nm and 45 nm. Although ZnO nanoparticles (500 mug/disk) decreased the antibacterial activity of amoxicillin, penicillin G, and nitrofurantoin in S. aureus, the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin increased in the presence of ZnO nano...

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  Detection of pneumolysin and autolysin genes among antibiotic resistant

Conclusion: Emerging resistance observed for cefepime and ceftriaxone might be due their increased and frequent usage nowadays. Presence of pneumolysin appears to be more critical for pathogenesis of invasive infections than the ocular infections. However, presence of lytA gene in all the isolates signifies that irrespective of site of isolation, kind of infection caused, autolysin is an obligate necessity for this organism. (Source: Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology)

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  Emerging

Verma S, Thakur S, Kanga A, Singh G, Gupta PIndian Journal of Medical Microbiology 2010 28(1):51-53This retrospective study incorporates a six years, six months (January 2000-June 2006) laboratory data comprising 258 isolates of Salmonella. Cultures were identified by standard methods. Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S.Typhi) was the more frequent serotype isolated i.e., 61.62% with the remaining 38.37% being Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A (S. Paratyphi A). There was emergence of S. Paratyphi A as the predominant serotype in 2003-2004 with resurgence of serotype Typhi thereon. A total of 66.27% isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics. MDR S. Typhi was 10.69% and while 13.13% were MDR S. Paratyphi A. There was decrease in resistanc...

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  Activities of fourth generation cephalosporins alone and in combination with gentamicin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against bloodstream

Ozbek B, Otuk GIndian Journal of Medical Microbiology 2010 28(1):84-85 (Source: Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology)

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  Doripenem worldwide experience against extended-spectrum {beta}-lactamase-producing and ciprofloxacin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: Analysis of six phase 3 clinical studies.

Authors: Kaniga K, Flamm R, Tong SY, Lee M, Friedland I, Redman R The worldwide increase in fluoroquinolone-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-(ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae pathogens has led to doripenem and other carbapenems assuming a greater role in the treatment of serious infections. We analyzed data from 6 phase 3 multinational doripenem clinical trials on ciprofloxacin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae consisting of all genera (CIPRE) and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates consisting of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Proteus spp. with ceftazidime MICs >/=2 mug/mL (ESBLE) for: prevalence by geographic region and disease type; in vitro activity of doripenem and comparator agents; clinical or microbiologic outcome in doripenem- and comparator-treated...

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  CIPROFLOXACIN HYDROCHLORIDEtablet, Coated [Testpak Holding Company]

Updated Date: Mar 4, 2010 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Ciprofloxacin: Hypoglycaemia in an elderly patient: case report

(Source: Reactions)

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  Extended antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of surgical-site infections in morbidly obese women who undergo combined hysterectomy and medically indicated panniculectomy: a cohort study

Conclusion: Extended antibiotic prophylaxis can reduce surgical-site infections in obese women after combined hysterectomy and panniculectomy. (Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology)

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  Formulation and evaluation of controlled release antibiotic biodegradable implants for post operative site delivery.

Authors: Mathur V, Mudnaik R, Barde L, Roy A, Shivhare U, Bhusari K Biodegradable implants of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride for post operative site delivery were prepared using glyceryl monostearate and different concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000), glycerol and Tween 80 as erosion enhancers by compression and molding technique. Formulations were subjected to in vitro drug release by the USP dissolution method, while promising formulations were subjected to in vitro drug release by the agar gel method and also to stability studies. It was observed that glyceryl monostearate formed hydrophobic matrix and delayed the drug delivery. Antibiotic release profile was controlled by using different combinations of erosion enhancers. The formulation prepared by the compression method ...

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  [Changes in the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates from community diagnosed urinary tract infections during the period 2003-2007. Multicentre study in Castilla la Mancha (Spain).]

Conclusions: We observed a significantly reduction of E. coli susceptibility for most antibiotics and an increase of E. coli isolates producing ESBLs. Fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin are the best choices for empiric treatment. Prospective studies should be performed in the future to confirm the results of our study. PMID: 20232022 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia)

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  [Pseudomonas aeruginosa: antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates. Castellón 2004-2008.]

[Pseudomonas aeruginosa: antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates. Castellón 2004-2008.] Rev Esp Quimioter. 2010 Mar;23(1):20-6 Authors: Pardo FJ, Tirado MD, Garcí ED, Granados J, Campos A, Moreno R Retrospective study of antimicrobial susceptibility of 1.943 Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates to amikacin, tobramycin, gentamicin, ceftazidime, cefepime, meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam and ciprofloxacin during a five year period. The percentage of resistance went from 2.07% to amikacin from 15.89% to ciprofloxacin. These percentages showed differences depending on the extra or intrahospitalary origin, departments and samples. Isolates from hospital patients were significantly more resistant than the ones from ambulatory patients (p</=0.001;tobramycin,13...

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  Serotype coverage of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and drug susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from invasive or non-invasive diseases in central Thailand, 2006-2009.

Authors: Srifeungfung S, Tribuddharat C, Comerungsee S, Chatsuwan T, Treerauthanaweeraphong V, Rungnobhakhun P, Nunthapisud P, Chokephaibulkit K The serotype of 172 S. pneumoniae isolates obtained from normally sterile sites from January 2006 to February 2009 in Thai patients was evaluated. The most common serotypes were 6B, 23F, 14, 19F, and 19A in patients <5 year-old, and 6B, 19A, 23F, 4, 9V in patients >65-year old. Seven-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV-7) covered 70.3%, 43.6%, and 43.5% of patients <5, 5-64 and >/=65 years of age, respectively, while PCV-13 covered 81.2%, 59.7%, and 60.9%, respectively. PCV-9, PCV-10, PCV-11 had very similar coverage as PCV-7. The antibiotic susceptibility rates of the isolates from sterile sites were 88.7-95.7% for penicil...

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  Quinolone-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila peritonitis in a CAPD patient.

Authors: Sahin I, Barut HS Peritonitis is a major cause of morbidity in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Aeromonas hydrophila is a rare cause of peritonitis in patients on CAPD. We herewith report a 44-year-old female patient on CAPD with Aeromonas hydrophila peritonitis. Peritoneal fluid grew Aeromonas hydrophila. The patient reported that she had accidentally dropped her peritoneal dialysis catheter into the toilet. Susceptibility testing revealed that it is susceptible to ceftazidime, but resistant to ciprofloxacin. The patient was treated successfully with intravenous ceftazidime for 2 days followed by intraperitoneal ceftazidime for 12 days. She was discharged with complete recovery after 2 weeks of antibiotic treatment. PMID: 20178725 [PubMed - in process] (S...

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  Synergy of fosfomycin with other antibiotics for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

Conclusions  The synergistic combination of fosfomycin with other antibiotics may be a useful alternative treatment option for Gram-negative and Gram-positive infections. Additional studies using more stringent definitions of synergy, and studies reporting on the clinical efficacy of fosfomycin combinations in the current era of high antimicrobial resistance are needed. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory PharmacodynamicsDOI 10.1007/s00228-010-0794-5Authors Antonia C. Kastoris, Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS) Athens GreecePetros I. Rafailidis, Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS) Athens GreeceEvridiki K. Vouloumanou, Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS) Athens GreeceIoannis D. Gkegkes, Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS) Athens ...

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  Aradigm Doses First Patient In Its Second Phase 2b Clinical Trial Of Inhaled Liposomal Ciprofloxacin In Bronchiectasis Patients

Aradigm Corporation (OTCBB:ARDM) (the "Company") announced that it dosed the first patient in the U.S. as part of its ORBIT-1 (Once-daily Respiratory Bronchiectasis Inhalation Treatment) trial, an international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2b study designed to evaluate the Company's inhaled liposomal ciprofloxacin (ARD-3100) in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (BE) under a U.S. IND. This orphan disease indication is a chronic, severe respiratory disease and there are currently no approved treatments for this disease in the U.S... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

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  Aradigm Doses First Patient In Its Second Phase 2b Clinical Trial Of Inhaled Liposomal Ciprofloxacin In Bronchiectasis Patients

Aradigm Corporation (OTCBB:ARDM) (the "Company") announced that it dosed the first patient in the U.S... (Source: Asthma / Respiratory News From Medical News Today)

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  Approaches to measure the fitness of Burkholderia cepacia complex isolates.

Authors: Pope CF, Gillespie S, Moore JE, McHugh TD Members of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) are highly resistant to many antibacterial agents and infection can be difficult to eradicate. A coordinated approach has been used to measure the fitness of B. cepacia complex bacteria isolated from cystic fibrosis patients with chronic Bcc infection using methods relevant to Bcc growth and survival conditions. Significant differences in growth rate were observed among isolates; slower growth rates were associated with isolates that exhibited higher minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and were resistant to more antimicrobial classes. The nucleotide sequences of the Quinolone Resistance Determining Region (QRDR) of gyrA were determined and the ciprofloxacin MIC correlated with amino...

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  Transmission of a Klebsiella pneumoniae clone harbouring genes for CTX-M-15-like and SHV-112 enzymes in a neonatal ICU of a Kuwaiti hospital.

Conclusions: This study presents evidence that a single clone of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae caused bloodstream infections among babies in a neonatal ICU of a Kuwaiti hospital, which might have emerged at least 5 years ago. This clone was also present on hands of healthcare workers suggesting they might have been involved in its transmission. Further studies are recommended to determine if this clone is also spreading in other Kuwaiti hospitals. PMID: 20185547 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology)

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  CIPRO HC (Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride ) Suspension [Stat Rx USA]

Updated Date: Feb 24, 2010 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Ciprofloxacin Causes Persister Formation by Inducing the TisB toxin in Escherichia coli

Persisters are specialized survivor cells that arise in populations of E. coli after antibiotic-mediated DNA damage induces the production of a small membrane-acting peptide TisB, which causes reversible dormancy. The TisB-dependent persisters are tolerant to multiple antibiotics. (Source: PLoS Biology: Archived Table of Contents)

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  Synthesis and In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of 7-(3-Alkoxyimino-4-methyl-4-methylaminopiperidin-1-yl)-fluoroquinolone Derivatives

A series of novel 7-(3-alkoxyimino-4-methyl-4-methylaminopiperidin-1-yl)fluoroquinolone derivatives were designed, synthesized, and characterized by 1H-NMR, MS, and HRMS. These fluoroquinolones were evaluated for their in-vitro antibacterial activity against representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Generally, all of the target compounds have considerable antibacterial activity against the tested forty strains, and exhibit exceptional potency in inhibiting the growth of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ATCC33591 (MICs: 0.06 to 2 [mu]g/mL). In particular, compounds 14, 19, 28, and 29 are fourfold more potent than ciprofloxacin against MSSA 08-49. Compounds 23, 26, and 27 are twofold more potent than ciprofloxacin aga...

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  Ciprofloxacin Causes Persister Formation by Inducing the TisB toxin in Escherichia coli

Persisters are specialized survivor cells that arise in populations of E. coli after antibiotic-mediated DNA damage induces the production of a small membrane-acting peptide TisB, which causes reversible dormancy. The TisB-dependent persisters are tolerant to multiple antibiotics. (Source: PLoS Biology: Archived Table of Contents)

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  Ciprofloxacin/levothyroxine sodium interaction: Stevens-Johnson syndrome in an elderly patient: case report

(Source: Reactions)

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  In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of JNJ-Q2, a New Broad-Spectrum Fluoroquinolone.

In conclusion, JNJ-Q2 exhibits a range of antibacterial activity in vitro that is supportive of its further evaluation as a potential new agent for the treatment of skin and respiratory tract infections. PMID: 20176911 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy)

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  Using a clinical decision support system to determine the quality of antimicrobial dosing in intensive care patients with renal insufficiency

Conclusions Despite intensive monitoring of patients in the ICU, dosage adjustment of antimicrobials is often omitted. Implementing this clinical rule has the potential to contribute to a significant improvement in medication safety and is expected to generate substantial savings. (Source: Quality and Safety in Health Care)

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  Comparison of fluoroquinolone kinetics of kill in susceptible and resistant Gram-positive conjunctival pathogens.

CONCLUSION: Moxifloxacin showed an increased speed of kill against both of the common susceptible Gram-positive conjunctival pathogens, compared with the inconsistency of killing activity of two other fluoroquinolones tested. In addition, at the concentration level achieved in the conjunctiva after the instillation of one drop, moxifloxacin effectively and rapidly killed resistant Gram-positive conjunctival pathogens, while ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin had no effect against these organisms. PMID: 20174904 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Advances in Therapy)

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  Dispensing of antibiotics without prescription in Greece, 2008: another link in the antibiotic resistance chain

Antibiotic resistance has been associated with the use of antibiotics. The dispensing of antimicrobials without prescription is a potential source of inappropriate antibiotic use. In our study, antibiotics were requested without prescription from pharmacies in the metropolitan area of Athens in Greece in 2008. Twenty-one collaborators visited 174 pharmacies and asked for either amoxicillin/clavulanate acid or ciprofloxacin without providing a prescription or any other justification for the request. In Greece additional restrictions for fluoroquinolone prescriptions were implemented in 2003 after which a separate specific prescription form needs to be filled in by the prescriber, justifying the choice of any fluoroquinolone. Amoxicillin/clavulanate acid was dispensed in all cases. Furthermo...

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  CwrA, a gene that specifically responds to cell wall damage in Staphylococcus aureus.

Authors: Balibar CJ, Shen X, McGuire D, Yu D, McKenney D, Tao J Transcriptional profiling data accumulated in recent years for the clinically relevant pathogen Staphylococcus aureus have established a cell wall stress stimulon, which is comprised of a coordinately regulated set of genes which are upregulated in response to blockage of cell wall biogenesis. In particular, the expression of cwrA (SA2343, N315 notation), which encodes a putative 63-amino acid polypeptide with unknown biological function, increases over 100-fold in response to cell wall inhibition. Herein we seek to understand the biological role this gene plays in S. aureus. CwrA was found to be robustly induced by all cell wall targeting antibiotics tested - vancomycin, oxacillin, penicillin G, phosphomycin, imipenem, hy...

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  Treatment of Stenotrophomonas neonatal urinary tract infection with instillation of ciprofloxacin

Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the EditorsDOI 10.1007/s00467-010-1473-6Authors Mohammad Khassawneh, Jordan University of Science and Technology Department of Pediatrics Irbid JordanWail Hayajneh, Jordan University of Science and Technology Department of Pediatrics Irbid Jordan Journal Pediatric NephrologyOnline ISSN 1432-198XPrint ISSN 0931-041X (Source: Pediatric Nephrology)

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  Determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in environmental water samples based on magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Authors: Chen L, Zhang X, Xu Y, Du X, Sun X, Sun L, Wang H, Zhao Q, Yu A, Zhang H, Ding L A simple method based on magnetic separation for selective extraction of fluoroquinolones (FQs) from environmental water samples has been developed using magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIP) as sorbent. The MMIP has been prepared using ciprofloxacin as template molecule, methacrylic acid as functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linking agent and Fe(3)O(4) magnetite as magnetic component. The polymer has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry and vibrating sample magnetometry. Various parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were evaluated in order to achieve optimal concentration and reduce non-specific inter...

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  First report of molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from a Tunisian hospital

Clin Microbiol Infect Fluoroquinolones are increasingly used for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Our study was designed to determine the frequency of the emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates in a university hospital (Rabta University Hospital Tunis, Tunisia) and to characterize the mutations responsible for the resistance phenotype. A total of 495 clinical M. tuberculosis isolates obtained from January 2005 to July 2008 were investigated for their susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, using the standard proportion method, PCR and DNA sequencing. Four resistant isolates (0.8%) were identified. Among these, only two carried point mutations in gyrA leading to amino acid changes other than the phenotypically silent S95T substitution. No...

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  CIPROFLOXACIN HYDROCHLORIDEtablet [Blenheim Pharmacal, Inc.]

Updated Date: Feb 16, 2010 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Increasing trend in gonococcal resistance to ciprofloxacin in The Netherlands, 2006-8

Conclusion Ciprofloxacin resistance in The Netherlands is increasing, and is particularly found in MSM, older women, and female sex workers. No resistance to current first-choice therapy was found, but alertness to potential clinical failures is essential. By merging epidemiological and microbiological data in GRAS, specific high-risk transmission groups can be identified and policy adjusted when needed. (Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections)

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  Antistaphylococcal activity of telavancin tested alone and in combination by time-kill assay.

ANTISTAPHYLOCOCCAL ACTIVITY OF TELAVANCIN TESTED ALONE AND IN COMBINATION BY TIME-KILL ASSAY. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Feb 16; Authors: Lin G, Pankuch GA, Ednie LM, Appelbaum PC Synergy time-kill studies against 40 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains of differing resistance phenotypes were conducted. Subinhibitory concentrations of telavancin were combined with subMIC concentrations of other antimicrobial agents that might be used in combination with telavancin to provide Gram-negative coverage. The highest incidence of synergy was found after 24 h with gentamicin (90% of strains), followed by ceftriaxone (88%), rifampin and meropenem (each 65%), cefepime (45%), and ciprofloxacin (38%) for combinations tested at or below the intermediate breakpoi...

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  Ciprofloxacin/moxifloxacin: Tendon rupture exacerbated by concomitant corticosteroids: case report

(Source: Reactions)

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  CIPROFLOXACIN (Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride) Tablet, Film Coated [Rebel Distributors Corp.]

Updated Date: Feb 12, 2010 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  The temporal, PFGE and resistance pattern associations suggest that poultry products are only a minor source of human infections in Western Finland.

This study suggests that poultry products play only a minor role in human campylobacteriosis in the study area and that the resistance found in domestic human isolates is not likely related to retail poultry meat products. PMID: 20141951 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Food Microbiology)

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  Ciprofloxacin as Ocular Liposomal Hydrogel.

In conclusion, ciprofloxacin liposomal hydrogel is a suitable delivery system for improving the ocular bioavailability of ciprofloxacin. PMID: 20151337 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: AAPS PharmSciTech)

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  Bacteremia complicating gram-negative urinary tract infections: A population-based study

Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first population-based study of bacteremic gram-negative UTI. The linear trend of increasing antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative isolates should be considered when empiric therapy is selected. (Source: Journal of Infection)

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  Speciation and susceptibility of Nocardia isolated from ocular infections

Clin Microbiol Infect Twenty Nocardia spp. isolated from ocular infections were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and susceptibility was determined using the E-test (AB Biodisk, Sweden). Species distribution among the 20 isolates was as follows: Nocardia levis (n = 7), Nocardia farcinica (n = 3), Nocardia abscessus (n = 2), Nocardia brasiliensis (n = 2), Nocardia amamiensis (n = 2), Nocardia puris (n = 1), Nocardia beijingensis (n = 1), Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (n = 1) and Nocardia thailandica (n = 1). All isolates were sensitive to amikacin. Eighteen (90%) isolates were sensitive to tobramycin, 11 (55%) to ciprofloxacin and gatifloxacin, and seven (35%) to azithromycin and clarithromycin. Molecular methods are useful for the identification and for the detection of Nocardia species t...

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  Evaluation of linezolid, vancomycin, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin in a rabbit model of antibiotic-lock technique for Staphylococcus aureus catheter-related infection

Conclusions Gentamicin showed the highest activity against both MSSA and MRSA biofilms. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

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  Tigecycline resistance in Serratia marcescens associated with up-regulation of the SdeXY-HasF efflux system also active against ciprofloxacin and cefpirome

Conclusions Up-regulation of endogenous SdeXY–HasF-mediated efflux is associated with tigecycline resistance in S. marcescens along with MIC rises for tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and cefpirome. Inactivation of this efflux system reduced MICs of those compounds to below those for strain NCTC 10211. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

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  Decline of EMRSA-16 amongst methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus causing bacteraemias in the UK between 2001 and 2007

Conclusions EMRSA-15 and EMRSA-16 remain the main MRSA strains in bacteraemia in the UK, but the proportion of EMRSA-16 declined from the late 1990s, thus preceding the general decline in MRSA bacteraemias that began in the middle of the present decade. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

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  Characterization of clinical Escherichia coli isolates from China containing transferable quinolone resistance determinants

Conclusions The great genetic variation of E. coli hosts containing transferable quinolone resistance determinants demonstrated the high transmission capacity of these mechanisms. It is urgent to characterize and block their transmission routes in order that the utility of quinolones is preserved. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

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  Inhaled versus systemic antibiotics and airway inflammation in children with cystic fibrosis and Pseudomonas

Inhaled tobramycin has been shown to transiently clear Pseudomonas from lower airways in early cystic fibrosis (CF), but does not markedly reduce lung inflammation, a key factor in disease progression.Test the hypothesis that systemic antibiotics are more effective than inhaled antibiotics for reducing lower airways inflammation.Clinically stable CF children with recent Pseudomonas were randomized to receive 4 weeks of inhaled tobramycin or 2 weeks of systemic antibiotics (intravenous ceftazidime and tobramycin). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was obtained just before and 4-6 weeks after treatment. The primary outcome was change in % neutrophils in lavage fluid.Fifteen subjects (inhaled = 6, systemic = 9) completed the protocol. Three Systemic Group subjects could not have central venous acc...

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  Intrinsic fluoroquinolone resistance in Orientia tsutsugamushi

Abstract: Scrub typhus is a public health concern for a population of over a billion humans, with an estimated incidence of one million cases/year in endemic areas. Although doxycycline remains the standard therapy, fluoroquinolones have been used successfully in a few patients. However, there is also clinical evidence that fluoroquinolones are ineffective in the treatment of scrub typhus. To clarify this matter, we determined the in vitro susceptibility of Orientia tsutsugamushi strain Kato to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin and sequenced the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of the gyrA gene, the target of fluoroquinolones, of 18 fresh isolates from the Lao PDR. Orientia tsutsugamushi strain Kato was resistant to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin in vitro (minimum inhibitory concentra...

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  Mechanisms of resistance to ciprofloxacin, ampicillin/sulbactam and imipenem in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates in Taiwan

In conclusion, expression of the adeB gene was associated with resistance to ciprofloxacin and ampicillin/sulbactam in A. baumannii. Multiple mutations in gyrA and parC also played a role in ciprofloxacin resistance. The major metallo-β-lactamase contributing to imipenem resistance in A. baumannii in Taiwan was blaIMP-1, which was carried by the class 1 integron. The class 1 integron was associated with the MDR phenotype in A. baumannii. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)

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  Geographic distribution of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli strains in Asia

In this study, we analysed 68 FQ-resistant E. coli isolates from eight Asian countries using QRDR amino acid mutation patterns and examined their susceptibility to FQs. Of the isolates, 38% had mutations at S83 and D87 of GyrA and S80 of ParC (MM/−/M−/−) and 34% had mutations at S83 and D87 of GyrA, S80 of ParC and S458 of ParE (MM/−/M−/M). MIC50 values (minimum inhibitory concentrations for 50% of the isolates) for isolates with at least mutation at S458 of ParE for ciprofloxacin and prulifloxacin were relatively higher than MIC50 values of isolates without this mutation. Based on their geographic distribution and the QRDR mutation patterns, the isolates were divided into a common type in which the organisms were isolated from three or more countries, and a local type in which t...

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  [Case Report] A life-threatening sore throat masquerading as swine flu

A previously healthy 17-year-old woman presented to our emergency department in August, 2009, complaining of sore throat, headache, neck stiffness, and left ear pain. Her symptoms had started 10 days earlier with sore throat, fever, and vomiting. On day 2 she telephoned the national Swine Flu Helpline and was advised to stay at home and take oseltamivir for suspected pandemic H1N1 influenza infection, which she declined. She attended her general practitioner's surgery with purulent left ear discharge (day 6), but was sent home in view of potential influenza infection. Her doctor assessed her later that day, and prescribed gentamicin ear drops and later oral ciprofloxacin (day 8). On day 10 she attended our emergency department. (Source: LANCET)

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  Association of ciprofloxacin prescriptions to outpatients to Clostridium difficile infections

To study if antibiotic treatment of outpatients had triggered Clostridium difficile infections (CDI), prescription numbers were compared with CDI-affected patient numbers. A strong correlation was observed for ciprofloxacin (R=0.917), suggesting that increased use of ciprofloxacin by outpatients contributed to increased numbers of CDI. These findings deserve further investigation as they may have an impact on future decisions regarding antibiotic prescribing. (Source: Eurosurveillance latest news)

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  In vitro bacteriostatic and DNA interaction studies of drug-based mixed-ligand complexes of cobalt(II)

Abstract  The dinuclear cobalt(II) complexes with ciprofloxacin and bidentate ligands were synthesized and characterized using infrared spectra, electronic spectra, magnetic measurements, elemental analyses, thermal investigation, and mass spectroscopy. Here in we tried to increase an antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin drug due to formation of mixed-ligand complexes. Synthesized compounds were found to be more potent compared to drugs, ligands, and metal salt against selective gram(+ve) and gram(−ve) organisms. Interaction of the complexes with nucleic acid (DNA) was investigated using spectroscopic technique, viscosity measurement, and gel electrophoresis and it was found that the complexes bind to DNA via intercalative mode. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Or...

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  In vitro time-kill activities of ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with the iron chelator deferasirox against Vibrio vulnificus

Abstract  Iron plays a major role in the growth and virulence of ferrophilic organisms like Vibrio vulnificus. People who reside in the coastal areas with raw fish eating habits have a high risk of Vibrio infection and aggressive therapy can only reduce their mortality. We investigated the in vitro efficacy of ciprofloxacin, a bactericidal drug used in V. vulnificus patients, and the orally active iron chelator deferasirox against V. vulnificus infection. We performed in vitro time-kill studies on two ATCC strains and one clinical isolate of V. vulnificus collected from a patient admitted to Chosun University Hospital with either ciprofloxacin or iron chelator deferasirox alone and the two drugs in combination. The combination of an iron chelator plus an antibiotic creates a no...

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  Ciprofloxacin-induced acute haemolytic anaemia in a patient with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Mediterranean deficiency: a case report

Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the EditorDOI 10.1007/s00277-010-0903-7Authors Stefano Sansone, Central Hospital of Bolzano Division of Internal Medicine Lorenz-Böhler Street 5 39100 Bolzano ItalyJohanna Rottensteiner, Central Hospital of Bolzano Division of Internal Medicine Lorenz-Böhler Street 5 39100 Bolzano ItalyJudith Stocker, Central Hospital of Bolzano Division of Oncology Lorenz-Böhler Street 5 39100 Bolzano ItalyCarlo Rosanelli, Central Hospital of Bolzano Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Lorenz-Böhler Street 5 39100 Bolzano ItalyChristian Josef Wiedermann, Central Hospital of Bolzano Division of Internal Medicine Lorenz-Böhler Street 5 39100 Bolzano Italy Journal Annals of HematologyOnline ISSN 1432-0584Print ISSN 0939-5555 (S...

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  Anthrax outbreak in a Swedish beef cattle herd - 1st case in 27 years: Case report

After 27 years with no detected cases, an outbreak of anthrax occurred in a beef cattle herd in the south of Sweden. The outbreak was unusual as it occurred in winter, in animals not exposed to meat-and-bone meal, in a non-endemic country.The affected herd consisted of 90 animals, including calves and young stock. The animals were kept in a barn on deep straw bedding and fed only roughage. Seven animals died during 10 days, with no typical previous clinical signs except fever. The carcasses were reportedly normal in appearance, particularly as regards rigor mortis, bleeding and coagulation of the blood. Subsequently, three more animals died and anthrax was suspected at necropsy and confirmed by culture and PCR on blood samples.The isolated strain was susceptible to tetracycline, ciprofloxa...

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  Synthesis and antitubercular evaluation of new fluoroquinolone derivatives coupled with carbohydrates.

We describe in this work the synthesis of nine new fluoroquinolone derivatives based on modifications at the C-7 position of the known fluoroquinolones cipro-, gati-, and moxifloxacin, as well as their antitubercular evaluation. The synthesis of these new analogues was improved using microwave irradiation, providing several advantages such as better yields and shorter reaction times, in comparison with classical reaction conditions. Derivatives 4, 5, and 7 exhibited promising antitubercular activities. PMID: 20167309 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Carbohydrate Research)

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  [Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Legionella isolates in the Environment and in Patients.]

CONCLUSIONS: Legionella spp. isolates from Korea and Japan were most susceptible to gatifloxacin. Azithromycin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and gemifloxacin were also effective for treating legionellosis. PMID: 20197719 [PubMed - in process] (Source: The Korean Journal of Laboratory Medicine)

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  Oropharyngeal tularemia - a differential diagnosis of tonsillopharyngitis and cervical lymphadenitis.

We report on a case of oropharyngeal tularemia in an 18-year-old girl from Bavaria (Germany) who presented with tonsillopharyngitis and cervical lymphadenitis. Strongly positive serological tests and PCR detection of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica in lymph node tissue led to the diagnosis of tularemia. After long-term treatment with doxycycline, partly in combination with ciprofloxacin, the patient recovered completely. Clinical presentation, diagnostics, treatment and recent epidemiological aspects of tularemia in Europe are discussed in this case report and review of the literature. PMID: 20213378 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift)

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  High Prevalence of Mutations in Quinolone-resistance-determining Regions and mtrR Loci in Polyclonal Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates at a Tertiary Hospital in Southern Taiwan.

CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of multidrug resistance caused by varied resistance mechanisms in N. gonorrhoeae limits the drug choice. Ongoing surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and discovery of new effective antibiotic therapy are warranted in endemic areas. PMID: 20206836 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: J Formos Med Assoc)

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  Genetic Diversity of Salmonella enteric serovar Typhi and Paratyphi in Shenzhen, China from 2002 through 2007

Conclusions: Nalidixic acid-resistant S. typhi and S. paratyphi A blood isolates were highly prevalent in Shenzhen, China. PFGE showed the variable genetic diversity of nalidixic acid-resistant S. typhi and limited genetic diversity of nalidixic acid -resistant S. paratyphi A. (Source: BioMed Central)

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  Ciprofloxacin prescriptions increase despite C. diff risks

A Scottish health report has found that prescriptions for the commonly-used antibiotic ciprofloxacin, thought to increase the risk of infection from C. diff, have increased by 30 per cent in four years. (Source: Nursing Times Breaking News)

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  Influence of lignans depletion on murine mammary gland morphology.

Authors: Rossini A, Zanobbio L, Palazzo M, Sfondrini L, Morelli D, Tagliabue E, Balsari A, Rumio C Different studies have focused on the effects of phytoestrogens-supplemented diets on mammary gland morphogenesis and breast cancer risk; however, particular dieting behaviors and food choices may result in a reduction of the natural source of phytoestrogens. The evaluation of a reduced phytoestrogens intake effect by depletion without modifying other dietary ingredients is hard. Since lignans, the largest contributors to phytoestrogens intake in Western diets, are metabolized into bioactive compounds by gut bacteria, long-term antibiotic treatments, inducing intestinal microflora disruption, may reduce enterolactone availability. To elucidate the effect of phytoestrogens lack on mammary ...

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  Activity of the Investigational Fluoroquinolone Finafloxacin Against Ciprofloxacin-Sensitive and -Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

This study compared the activity of finafloxacin, a novel fluoroquinolone which shows enhanced activity under acidic pH, and ciprofloxacin, against Acinetobacter baumannii under standard conditions (pH 7.2) and at a pH of 5.8. Overall, finafloxacin demonstrated superior activity to ciprofloxacin under acidic conditions. Furthermore, finafloxacin showed comparable activity to ciprofloxacin at pH 7.2. Hence, finafloxacin could be a promising new antimicrobial agent for the treatment of A. baumannii infections at acidic body compartments. PMID: 20100879 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy)

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  Challenging near infrared spectroscopy discriminating ability for counterfeit pharmaceuticals detection.

This study was initiated by the laboratories and control department of the French Health Products Safety Agency (AFSSAPS) as part of the fight against the public health problem of rising counterfeit and imitation medicines. To test the discriminating ability of Near InfraRed Spectroscopy (NIRS), worse cases scenarios were first considered for the discrimination of various pharmaceutical final products containing the same Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) with different excipients, such as generics of proprietary medicinal products (PMP). Two generic databases were explored: low active strength hard capsules of Fluoxetine and high strength tablets of Ciprofloxacin. Then 4 other cases involving suspicious samples, counterfeits and imitations products were treated. In all these cases, sp...

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  Quinolone-induced Hypoglycemia: A Life-threatening but Potentially Reversible Side Effect

Quinolones are some of the most commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents and have been shown to cause alterations in glucose metabolism. We recently reported the eighth case of levofloxacin-induced hypoglycemia, which is an uncommon but potentially fatal side effect of this antibiotic. Our patient was readmitted with severe hypoglycemia caused by 1 dose of ciprofloxacin in combination with glipizide. This was the second episode of severe life-threatening hypoglycemia precipitated by the use of quinolone in our patient. This hypoglycemia was successfully reversed with the use of octreotide. (Source: The American Journal of Medicine)

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  Enteric Pathogen Sampling of Tourist Restaurants in Bangkok, Thailand

Conclusions. A traveler's risk of exposure to established bacterial pathogens, Salmonella and Campylobacter, by eating in recommended restaurants is small. Arcobacter butzleri exposure risk is 13% per meal eaten, and rises to 75% when 10 meals are eaten. All restaurants, regardless of price, appear to be equally "risky." Current evidence points to Arcobacter being pathogenic in humans; however, further research is needed to conclusively define pathogenicity. Routine prophylaxis for diarrhea is not recommended; however, travelers should be aware of the risk and come prepared with adequate and appropriate self-treatment medications. (Source: Journal of Travel Medicine)

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  HIGH PREVALENCE OF EXTENDED-SPECTRUM β-LACTAMASES ESCHERICHIA COLI AND VANCOMYCIN-RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCI ISOLATES FROM CHICKEN PRODUCTS. A PROBLEM OF PUBLIC HEALTH

Twenty-nine chicken products were acquired from different supermarkets in Portugal during September to December 2007 and were analyzed for extended-spectrum [beta]-lactamases (ESBL) Escherichia coli and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates were recovered in 27 of 29 chicken samples representing 93% of the analyzed samples. The highest percentages of resistance (more than 50% of the isolates) were detected for ampicillin, nalidixic acid and tetracycline. VRE isolates were detected in 17 of 29 samples of chicken origin (59%) and were identified as Enterococcus durans (n = 15) and E. faecium (n = 2) with the highest percentages of resistance being detected for erythromycin, tetracycline, ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. Seven E. durans and the two E. faec...

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  Ciprofloxacin and the Inner Ear - A Morphological and Round Window Membrane Permeability Study

ORL 1992;54:5–9 (DOI:10.1159/000278933) (Source: ORL)

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  Risk factors for multidrug-resistant bacteria in patients with post-operative peritonitis requiring intensive care

Conclusions Our results suggest that broad-spectrum antibiotics should be used in ICU patients with POP who have received antimicrobial therapy in the 3 months prior to hospitalization, or with >5 days between the first operation and relaparotomy. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

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  Resistance to ciprofloxacin by enhancement of antioxidant defenses in biofilm and planktonic Proteus mirabilis.

Authors: Aiassa V, Barnes AI, Albesa I Antibiotic resistance and antioxidant defense were induced by ciprofloxacin in planktonic Proteus mirabilis and compared with the natural antibiotic resistance of biofilm. Resistant variants (1X and 1Y) were obtained from cultures of the sensitive wild type "wt" strain1 in the presence of the antibiotic. Planktonic strain1 exhibited oxidative stress with increases in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consumption of NO in the presence of ciprofloxacin, whereas 1X and 1Y suffered non-significant rises in ROS generation, but produced and consumed more NO than sensitive strain1. The two resistant variants were more resistant to telluride than wt and showed increased levels of intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH). However,...

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  Ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin: Cutaneous vasculitis in elderly patients: 3 case reports

(Source: Reactions)

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  Antibiograms and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reactions (RAPD-PCR) as epidemiological markers of gonorrhea

In this study, a total of 235 isolates of N. gonorrhoeae isolated from patients of Bangrak Hospital were tested for their antibiotic susceptibilities to penicillin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, spectinomycin, and ceftriaxone. Mutation (Ser-91) in the quinolone resistance determining regions of gyrA and random amplification of the polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) were examined from 145 isolates. Among these, 55 isolates were obtained during January-March 2000, 46 isolates during January-March 2002, and 44 isolates during October-December 2002. The occurrence of combination resistance between penicillin and quinolone was 20% in January-March 2000, which was increased to 57.8% during the period of October-December 2002 (P (Source: Journal of Clinical Laboratory A...

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  Activity of a new cephalosporin, CXA-101 (FR264205), against {beta}-lactam-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants selected in vitro and after antipseudomonal treatment of Intensive Care Unit patients.

Authors: Moya B, Zamorano L, Juan C, Pérez JL, Ge Y, Oliver A CXA-101, previously designated FR264205, is a new antipseudomonal cephalosporin. We evaluated the activity of CXA-101 against a highly challenging collection of beta-lactam-resistant P. aeruginosa mutants selected in vitro and after antipseudomonal treatment of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients. The in vitro mutants investigated included strains with multiple combinations of mutations leading to several degrees of AmpC overexpression [ampD, ampDh2, ampDh3, and dacB (PBP4)], and porin loss (oprD). CXA-101 remained active even against the AmpD-PBP4 double mutant (MIC= 2 mug/ml), that shows extremely high AmpC expression. Indeed, this mutant showed high-level resistance to all tested beta-lactams, except carbapenems, incl...

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  Prostate Specific Antigen Decrease and Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: Antibiotic Versus Placebo Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial

Conclusions: A considerable number of patients (49%) were diagnosed with type IV prostatitis and high prostate specific antigen in agreement with the current literature. Of the patients 26.9% to 31% presented with a decrease in prostate specific antigen after the use of antibiotic or placebo and harbor cancer as demonstrated on prostate biopsy. Prostate specific antigen decreases do not indicate the absence of prostate cancer. (Source: The Journal of Urology)

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  Characterization of the quinolone resistant determining regions in clinical isolates of pneumococci collected in Canada

Conclusions: Not all mutations, most frequently Lys-137, found in the QRDRs of the parC gene of S. pneumoniae is associated with an increased MIC to fluoroquinolones. The high prevalence of Lys-137 appears to be due to its frequent occurrence in common serotypes. (Source: BioMed Central)

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  A new enterovirulent Escherichia coli serogroup 64474 showing antigenic and genotypic relationships to Shigella boydii 16.

This study analyzed the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 23 E. coli strains isolated in different countries from fecal specimens taken from children with diarrhea. Strains were identified using the VITEK system and typed with rabbit sera obtained against 186 somatic and 53 flagellar E. coli antigens and against 45 Shigella somatic antigens. Biochemical analysis of these strains showed a typical E. coli profile with a defined reaction against both E. coli O179 and S. boydii 16 somatic anti-sera. Agglutination for flagellar antigens showed a response against H2 in 7 strains (30 %), H10 in 2 (9 %), H32 in 12 (52 %), and H34 in 2 (9 %) strains, demonstrating 4 serotypes associated with this new somatic antigen 64474. A serum against one of these E. coli strains (64474) was prepared....

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  GAO: Some Meds Had 'Extraordinary' Price Hikes Over Past Eight Years

A report from the Government Accountability Office (GAO) issued Monday finds that "[p]rices on a growing number of prescription medications have ballooned in recent years as consolidation in the drug industry leaves fewer companies manufacturing niche medications," The Associated Press reports. "Congressional investigators say the number of extraordinary price hikes on drugs doubled between 2000 and 2008. The drugs affected are mostly specialty medications but also include some popular products like Bayer's antibiotic Cipro and the Eli Lilly schizophrenia treatment Zyprexa... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

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  High Level of Antimicrobial Resistance in French Helicobacter pylori Isolates

Conclusions: The reported high prevalence of clarithromycin and multiple resistances of H. pylori suggest that the empiric therapy with clarithromycin should be abandoned as no longer pretreatment susceptibility testing has assessed the susceptibility of the strain. As culture and antibiogram are not routinely performable in most clinical laboratories, the use of molecular test should be developed to allow a wide availability of pretreatment susceptibility testing. (Source: Helicobacter)

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  Ciprofloxacin ozonation in hospital wastewater treatment plant effluent: Effect of pH and H(2)O(2).

Authors: De Witte B, Van Langenhove H, Demeestere K, Saerens K, De Wispelaere P, Dewulf J The ozonation of ciprofloxacin was studied in hospital wastewater treatment plant effluent with focus on parent compound degradation, degradation product identification and residual antibacterial activity. Before ozonation, ciprofloxacin sorption on suspended solids was tested as a function of temperature (10.0-27.5 degrees C) and pH (3, 7 and 10). Temperature did not significantly affect ciprofloxacin sorption while sorption was highest at pH 7 (logK(d)=4.7) compared to pH 3 (logK(d)=4.3) and 10 (logK(d)=3.9) (n=3). Ozonation was slowest at pH 7 with ciprofloxacin half life times of 29min, compared to 19 and 27min at pH 10 and 3, respectively. Addition of 10-1000muM H(2)O(2) increased ciprofloxac...

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  Subconjunctival Delivery of Antibiotics in a Controlled-Release System: A Novel Anti-infective Prophylaxis Approach for Cataract Surgery [Laboratory Sciences]

Conclusions  Ciprofloxacin eyedrops and combined triamcinolone and ciprofloxacin were equally tolerated and efficacious. The combined triamcinolone and ciprofloxacin treatment may eliminate noncompliance issues and may prove to be a valuable clinical tool for surgical prophylaxis. Clinical Relevance  The combined triamcinolone and ciprofloxacin treatment may be a new useful strategy for surgical prophylaxis. (Source: Archives of Opthalmology)

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  Comparative in Vitro Activities of Nemonoxacin (TG-873870), a Novel Nonfluorinated Quinolone, and Other Quinolones against Clinical Isolates.

Authors: Lauderdale TL, Shiau YR, Lai JF, Chen HC, King CH The in vitro antibacterial activities of nemonoxacin (TG-873870), a novel nonfluorinated quinolone, against 770 clinical isolates were investigated. Nemonoxacin (tested as its malate salt, TG-875649) showed better in vitro activity than ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against different species of staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus influenzae. The in vitro activity of TG-875649 was also comparable to or better than moxifloxacin against these pathogens including ciprofloxacin-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. PMID: 20065058 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemothera...

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  Surveillance and Correlation of Antibiotic Prescription and Gram-Negative Resistance in Singapore Hospitals.

In conclusion, our data demonstrated correlation between prescription of and gram-negative resistance to several but not all key antimicrobial agents in Singapore hospitals. In areas where gram-negative resistance is endemic and prescription of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents is high, factors other than antimicrobial usage may be equally important in maintaining high resistance rates. PMID: 20065055 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy)

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  Antibiotic Sensitivity Profiles Determined with an Escherichia coli Gene Knockout collection: Generating an Antibiotic Barcode.

Authors: Liu A, Tran L, Becket E, Lee K, Chinn L, Park E, Tran K, Miller JH We have defined a "sensitivity profile" for 22 antibiotics by extending previous work that tested the entire KEIO collection of close to 4,000 single gene knockouts in E. coli for increased susceptibility to one of fourteen different antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, CIP; rifampicin, RIF, vancomycin, VAN, ampicillin, AMP; sulfamethoxazole, SFX, gentamicin, GEN; metronidazole, MTR; streptomycin, STR; fusidic Acid, FUS; tetracycline, TET; chloramphenicol, CHL; nitrofurantoin, NIT; erythromycin, ERY; and triclosan, TRI). We screened one or more subinhibitory concentrations of each antibiotic, generating more than 80,000 data points and allowing a reduction of the entire collection to a set of 283 strains that display si...

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  Activity of various drugs alone or in combination against Mycobacterium fortuitum

The objective of this study was to screen a large number of drug combinations in order to evaluate the activity of classical and new potentially useful antibiotics against M. fortuitum. Twenty M. fortuitum clinical isolates were studied with 51 combinations of two drugs and 47 combinations of three drugs belonging to different families: fluoroquinolones, linezolid, macrolides, rifamycins, aminoglycosides, and carbapenems. Activity was determined in Mueller Hinton broth by seeing whether the cultures were negative after 4 days of incubation with the combination of antibiotics. The most active drugs were moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin, which were active against 15 of the 20 strains studied, followed by amikacin (14 of the 20). The combinations of gatifloxacin with rifampicin or rifa...

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  In-vitro efficacy of synergistic antibiotic combinations in multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.

CONCLUSION: Although the synergistic ratios were high in combinations with ceftazidime or piperacillin/tazobactam and tobramycin, the concentrations in these combinations could not usually reach clinically available levels. Thus, the solution of the problems caused by multiple resistant P. aeruginosa should be based on the prevention of the development of resistance and spread of the causative agent between patients. PMID: 20046523 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Yonsei Medical Journal)

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  Detection of pneumolysin and autolysin genes among antibiotic resistant <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> in invasive infections

Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; Emerging resistance observed for cefepime and ceftriaxone might be due their increased and frequent usage nowadays. Presence of pneumolysin appears to be more critical for pathogenesis of invasive infections than the ocular infections. However, presence of &lt;i&gt;lytA&lt;/i&gt; gene in all the isolates signifies that irrespective of site of isolation, kind of infection caused, autolysin is an obligate necessity for this organism. (Source: Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology)

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  Emerging <i>Salmonella</i> Paratyphi A enteric fever and changing trends in antimicrobial resistance pattern of salmonella in Shimla

Verma S, Thakur S, Kanga A, Singh G, Gupta PIndian Journal of Medical Microbiology 2010 28(1):51-53This retrospective study incorporates a six years, six months (January 2000-June 2006) laboratory data comprising 258 isolates of Salmonella. Cultures were identified by standard methods. &lt;i&gt;Salmonella&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;enterica&lt;/i&gt; serotype Typhi (&lt;i&gt;S&lt;/i&gt;.Typhi) was the more frequent serotype isolated i.e., 61.62% with the remaining 38.37% being &lt;i&gt;Salmonella&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;enterica&lt;/i&gt; serotype Paratyphi A (&lt;i&gt;S&lt;/i&gt;. Paratyphi A). There was emergence of �...

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  Activities of fourth generation cephalosporins alone and in combination with gentamicin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against bloodstream <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </i>isolate

Ozbek B, Otuk GIndian Journal of Medical Microbiology 2010 28(1):84-85 (Source: Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology)

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  Disinfectants may turn potentially deadly germs into superbugs

(NaturalNews) The opportunistic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is increasingly recognized as a cause of severe nosocomial infections -- those are infections people contract as a result of treatment in a hospital or other medical center. In fact, a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection can be life-threatening, especially if someone is immunocompromised.The germ also causes chronic infections in cystic fibrosis patients. So it's no surprise that disinfectants are widely sprayed, sloshed and wiped over surfaces in medical settings to supposedly protect patients. But now comes evidence the very act of relying on disinfectants to prevent Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections could be turning the already dangerous germ into a superbug that's resistant to antibiotics as well as the disinfectant itself.G...

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  CIPROFLOXACIN AND DEXTROSE (Ciprofloxacin) Injection, Solution [Hospira, Inc.]

Updated Date: Jan 4, 2010 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Activity of Dalbavancin Against Bacillus anthracis In Vitro and in a Mouse Inhalation Anthrax Model.

Authors: Heine HS, Purcell BK, Bassett J, Miller L, Goldstein BP Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, can produce fatal disease when inhaled or ingested by humans. Dalbavancin, a novel, semi-synthetic lipoglycopeptide, has potent activity, greater than that of vancomycin, against gram-positive bacteria and a half-life in humans that supports once weekly dosing. Dalbavancin demonstrated potent in vitro activity against B. anthracis (MIC range </=0.03-0.5 mg/L, MIC50/90 0.06/0.25 mg/L), which led us to test its efficacy in an inhalation anthrax model in mice. The peak concentrations of dalbavancin in mouse plasma after single 5 and 20 mg/kg intraperitoneal doses were 15 and 71 mg/kg, respectively. At 20 mg/kg, dalbavancin activity was detectable for 6 days after adminis...

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  Fluoroquinolone resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates causing nosocomial infection is correlated with levofloxacin but not ciprofloxacin use

This study investigated the correlation between fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin) use and rates of fluoroquinolone resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from patients with nosocomial infection at a medical centre in Taiwan. Antibiotic utilisation data were extracted on a monthly basis from the inpatient pharmacy computer system records from January 2003 to December 2008. Fluoroquinolone use was expressed as defined daily dose per 1000 patient-days and was correlated with rates of fluoroquinolone-resistant P. aeruginosa every 6 months. Regression analysis was performed to explore the relationship between ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin use (both parenteral and oral forms) and resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates. During the study period, the susceptibility of P. aerugin...

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  Outbreaks of imipenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii producing OXA-23 beta-lactamase in a tertiary care hospital in Korea.

CONCLUSION: It is concluded that all of the 49 IRAB isolates acquired resistance to imipenem by producing OXA-23 carbapenemase and they might have originated from a common source. PMID: 20046415 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Yonsei Medical Journal)

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  Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Multidrug-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli strains: in vitro Activities of 20 Antimicrobial Agents.

Authors: Lehtopolku M, Nakari UM, Kotilainen P, Huovinen P, Siitonen A, Hakanen AJ There is a paucity of information regarding antimicrobial agents suitable to treat severe infections caused by multidrug-resistant Campylobacter spp. Our aim was to identify agents potentially effective towards multiresistant Campylobacter strains. The in vitro activities of 20 antimicrobial agents against 238 Campylobacter spp. strains were analyzed by determining the MICs by the agar plate dilution method or the Etest. These strains were selected from 1808 Campylobacter spp. isolates collected from Finnish patients between 2003 and 2005 and screened for macrolide susceptibility using the disk diffusion test. The 238 strains consisted of 183 strains with erythromycin inhibition zone diameters </=23 m...

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  Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of gram negative bacilli isolated from the lower respiratory tract of ventilated patients in the intensive care unit

Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; Nonfermenters are the most common etiological agents of LRTIs in ICU. There is an alarmingly high rate of resistance to cephalosporin and &amp;#946;-lactam-&amp;#946;-lactamase inhibitor group of drugs. Meropenem was found to be the most sensitive drug against all GNB. &lt;i&gt;Acinetobacter &lt;/i&gt;and&lt;i&gt; Klebsiella &lt;/i&gt;spp. showed good sensitivity to doxycycline. (Source: Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine)

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  Actinobaculum schaalii, a Common Uropathogen in Elderly Patients, Denmark.

Authors: Bank S, Jensen A, Hansen TM, Soby KM, Prag J Actinobaculum schaalii can cause urinary tract infections and septicemia but is difficult to identify by cultivation. To obtain a fast diagnosis and identify A. schaalii, we developed a TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR. Routine urine samples were obtained from 177 hospitalized patients and 75 outpatients in Viborg County, Denmark, in 2008-2009. The PCR detected A. schaalii in 22% of samples from patients >60 years of age. This assay showed that A. schaalii is more common than implied by routine cultivation. In 90% of PCR-positive urine samples, other common uropathogens were identified. This finding suggests that A. schaalii is a common, undetected, bacterial pathogen. Our results suggest that A. schaalii may be a more common pa...

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  Broiler Chickens as Source of Human Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Escherichia coli, Iceland.

Authors: Thorsteinsdottir TR, Haraldsson G, Fridriksdottir V, Kristinsson KG, Gunnarsson E To investigate feed as a source for fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in broiler chickens, we compared antimicrobial drug-resistant E. coli from broiler feed and broilers with ciprofloxacin-resistant human clinical isolates by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Feed was implicated as a source for ciprofloxacin-resistant broiler-derived E. coli and broilers as a source for ciprofloxacin-resistant human-derived E. coli. PMID: 20031060 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases)

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  Antimicrobial susceptibility of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Enterobacteriaceae isolates to fosfomycin

In conclusion, in this study fosfomycin exhibited good in vitro antimicrobial activity against MDR and XDR Enterobacteriaceae. We suggest further evaluation of the potential clinical utility of fosfomycin against infections caused by these pathogens. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)

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  Synergistic effects of dexamethasone and quinolones on human-derived tendon cells

Abstract: Quinolones and glucocorticoids are frequently used drugs that may cause tendinopathy as a rare adverse effect. We exposed human tenocyte cultures to the steroid dexamethasone alone or in combination with either ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin at concentrations of 3mg/L and 10mg/L. At concentrations corresponding to peak levels in plasma and tissues during therapy (ca. 3–10mg/L), ciprofloxacin caused a significant decrease in collagen type I and the β1-integrin receptor. In contrast, no corresponding effect was induced by 3mg/L levofloxacin. With both quinolones at 3mg/L and 10mg/L, the amount of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and MMP-13 was increased. In addition, 3mg/L ciprofloxacin and 10mg/L levofloxacin activated caspase-3. Apoptotic changes were confirmed by electron mi...

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  Detection of VEB-1, OXA-10 and PER-1 genotypes in extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from burn patients

In conclusion, the high prevalence of multidrug resistance (87.05%) and production of OXA-10, PER-1 and VEB-1 genes in P. aeruginosa isolates in burn patients confirm that protocols considering these issues should be considered in burn hospitals. (Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries)

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  Detection of mutations in the gyrA gene in fluoroquinolone resistance Salmonella enterica serotypes typhi and paratyphi A isolated from the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kuwait

Conclusions: It is very important to keep searching for new mutations and continuously monitor drug resistance in different parts of the world in order to efficiently manage cases with enteric fever. (Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology)

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  Enteric fever in a UK regional infectious diseases unit: A 10 year retrospective review

Discussion: Patients with enteric fever presented with a non-specific febrile illness within one month after returning from travel, and most had an uncomplicated clinical course. Increasing ciprofloxacin insensitivity was the likely explanation for a high treatment failure rate and this agent can no longer recommended as empirical treatment. (Source: Journal of Infection)

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  Genetic adaptation of P. aeruginosa during chronic lung infection: strong and weak mutators with heterogenous genetic backgrounds emerge in mucA and/or lasR mutants.

Authors: Ciofu O, Mandsberg LF, Bjarnsholt T, Wassermann T, Høiby N During the chronic lung infection of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), Pseudomonas aeruginosa can survive for long periods of time due to adaptive evolution mediated by genetic variation. Hypermutability is considered to play an important role in this adaptive evolution and it has been demonstrated that mutator populations are amplified in the CF lung by hitchhiking with adaptive mutations. Two of the genes that are frequently mutated in isolates from chronic infection are mucA and lasR. Loss of function mutations in these genes determine the phenotypic switch to mucoidy and loss of quorum-sensing which are considered hallmarks of chronic virulence. The aims of our study were to investigate 1. the genetic backgr...

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  Sale of fluoroquinolones in northern Tanzania: a potential threat for fluoroquinolone use in tuberculosis treatment

Conclusions The substantial sales of fluoroquinolones by authorized pharmacies and the wide availability of fluoroquinolones in unauthorized drug outlets in Moshi constitute a challenge to the use of fluoroquinolones in TB treatment in Tanzania. Control of antibacterial use in Tanzania requires the implementation of surveillance systems for antibacterial use and resistance, and adequate restriction of antibacterial sales to authorized pharmacies only. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

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  Polyclonal multiply antibiotic-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Panton-Valentine leucocidin in England

Conclusions Genetically diverse multiply antibiotic-resistant PVL-MRSA were identified, and included representatives of a recently emerged multiresistant clone (dubbed the Bengal Bay clone). Risk factors and disease presentations were typical for PVL-MRSA infections. This work highlights the diminishing utility of ciprofloxacin susceptibility for putative identification of PVL-MRSA. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

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  Molecular screening for rifampicin and fluoroquinolone resistance in a clinical population of Brucella melitensis

Conclusions The absence of rpoB mutations clearly related to rifampicin resistance in clinical B. melitensis strains reinforces the first-choice status of this antibiotic in the treatment of first brucellosis episodes, and demonstrates the usefulness of molecular screening for resistant genotypes. The absence of topoisomerase II–IV mutations, however, cannot rule out fluoroquinolone resistance due to the interplay of different mechanisms. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

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  Activity of mecillinam against Escherichia coli resistant to third-generation cephalosporins

Conclusions Our results show that mecillinam has excellent in vitro activity against a range of E. coli exhibiting β-lactamase activity, some with the production of multiple β-lactamases. It is time to further evaluate the clinical utility of mecillinam in the treatment of infections caused by such organisms. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

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  Combination testing of multidrug-resistant cystic fibrosis isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: use of a new parameter, the susceptible breakpoint index

Conclusions The Etest is a useful tool for determining MICs and testing antimicrobial combinations. The SBPI is more discriminatory than the FICI, allowing easy ranking of the combinations, and is likely to have clinical relevance. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

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  CIPRO (Ciprofloxacin) Solution, Concentrate [Schering Plough Corporation]

Updated Date: Dec 15, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  High-level ciprofloxacin resistance among hospital-adapted Enterococcus faecium (CC17)

Abstract: Hospital-adapted Enterococcus faecium differ from their colonising variants in humans and animals by additional genomic content. Molecular typing based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST) allows allocation of isolates to specific clonal complexes (CCs), such as CC17 for hospital-adapted strains. Acquired ampicillin resistance is a specific feature of these hospital isolates, especially in Europe. A few recent reports have described acquired high-level ciprofloxacin resistance as a supposed feature of hospital-adapted E. faecium strains. In the present retrospective analysis, ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 609 clinical isolates from German hospital patients (1997–2007) were determined and a breakpoint for high-level resistance was deduced (>16mg/L). A...

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  In vitro drug susceptibility of 2275 clinical non-tuberculous Mycobacterium isolates of 49 species in The Netherlands

In this study, 2275 clinical isolates of 49 species of non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolated in The Netherlands were subjected to standardised drug susceptibility testing using the Middlebrook 7H10 agar dilution method. Clarithromycin and rifabutin were most active, with 87% and 83% of all isolates, respectively, being susceptible. Susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (44%) and amikacin (32%) was limited and was mostly restricted to Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium xenopi, Mycobacterium fortuitum and phylogenetically related species. Susceptibility to isoniazid (0.5%), rifampicin (37%), ethambutol (35%) and streptomycin (33%) was rare; susceptibility to cycloserine, clofazimine and prothionamide was generally restricted to slow growers, although prothionamide also had activity against M. f...

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  CIPROFLOXACINinjection, Solution, Concentrate CIPROFLOXACIN (Ciprofloxacin ) Injection, Solution CIPROFLOXACIN (Ciprofloxacin) Injection, Solution [Claris Lifesciences Inc.]

Updated Date: Dec 11, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  SOS Response Induces Persistence to Fluoroquinolones in Escherichia coli

Author Summary The frequent failure of antibiotic treatments is an acute public health problem. Bacteria can escape the lethal action of antibiotics by a mutation in the cell's DNA, leading to antibiotic resistance. Alternatively, they can enter a physiological state in which the antibiotics do not affect them. This phenomenon, referred to as persistence, is different from resistance because there is no genetic modification and because it is transient. Persisters are believed to form stochastically prior to antibiotic treatment. The presence of persister cells in bacterial biofilms contributes to the difficulty in treating biofilm-related infections. We investigated the persistence of Escherichia coli to one of the most widely used antibiotics, ciprofloxacin. We show that the majority of ...

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  Successful treatment of severe conjunctivitis and blepharitis caused by Escherichia coli in an ostrich (Struthio camelus)

Abstract  The aim of the present report was to describe the clinical features and antibiotic susceptibility of severe conjunctivitis and blepharitis caused by Escherichia coli in an ostrich. A 2-month-old ostrich chick was presented with a 5-day history of left periocular swellings and severe conjunctivitis and blepharitis. There were no other abnormalities. The bacteria cultured from the pus aspirated from the periocular swellings were identified to be E. coli. Sensitivities were determined by a modified disc diffusion method, and isolates were fully susceptible to ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, amikacin and chloramphenicol. The ostrich was treated by intramuscular ceftriaxone (10 mg/kg) BID for 1 week. The eye was treated with topical 0.3% ciprofloxac...

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  Interactions between warfarin and three commonly prescribed fluoroquinolones

Source: DARE Area: Evidence > Medication Safety CRD Summary: This review evaluated a potential increased anticoagulant response during concomitant therapy of warfarin and three commonly prescribed fluoroquinolones. Due to inconsistent findings, the authors concluded that there was insufficient evidence to support a potential increased anticoagulant response. The authors' conclusions were appropriate, but should be considered in the context of the review's methodological weaknesses. [The use of ciprofloxacin was reported in 11 studies, levofloxacin in seven studies and moxifloxacin in three studies.] CRD Commentary: This review addressed a clear question and was supported by appropriate inclusion criteria. The authors searched relevant databases and efforts were made to identify additi...

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  The shelf life of antimicrobial ear drops

The advice given to patients regarding the shelf life of antimicrobial ear drops is based on little or no evidence. We aimed to determine appropriate recommendations for the shelf life of common antibiotic-containing topical otic solutions.Prospective experimental design.Ear drops containing gentamicin and ciprofloxacin were analyzed. Their effectiveness was assessed on agar plates inoculated with both Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bottles were also assessed for contamination once opened. In addition, drops used for 1 week on patients with culture-positive otorrhea were analyzed for contamination of both the bottle teat and the drop solution.Neither antibiotic showed deterioration in effectiveness against either microorganism over a 4-month period, as assessed by the si...

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  Serotonin Syndrome in a Chronic-Pain Patient Receiving Concurrent Methadone, Ciprofloxacin, and Venlafaxine [LETTERS TO THE EDITOR]

(Source: Psychosomatics)

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  Microbiological analysis of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor therapy-associated paronychia

Conclusion Empirical oral antibiotic treatment may be performed with oral cephalosporines, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin or moxifloxacin, as these antimicrobials have high in vitro activity against the majority of the isolated microorganisms and reach high concentrations in the relevant tissue. (Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology)

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  The occurrence of antimicrobial resistance and class 1 integrons among commensal Escherichia coli isolates from infants and elderly persons

Background: The aim of our study was to compare the presence of the intI1 gene and its associations with the antibiotic resistance of commensal Escherichia coli strains in children with/without previous antibiotic treatments and elderly hospitalized/healthy individuals. Methods: One-hundred-and-fifteen intestinal E. coli strains were analyzed: 30 strains from 10 antibiotic-naive infants; 27 from 9 antibiotic-treated outpatient infants; 30 from 9 healthy elderly volunteers; and 28 from 9 hospitalized elderly patients. The MIC values of ampicillin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole were measured by E-test and IntI1 was detected by PCR. Results: Out of the 115 strains, 56 (49%) carried class 1 integron genes. Comparing persons without medical intervention...

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  PSA levels of 4.0 - 10 ng/ml and negative digital rectal examination: antibiotic therapy versus immediate prostate biopsy

Conclusions: There appears to be no advantage for administration of antibacterial therapy with initial PSA levels between 4-10 ng/mL without overt evidence of inflammation. (Source: International Braz J Urol)

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  Ciprofloxacin: Fever: case report

(Source: Reactions)

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  Ciprofloxacin: Photoinduced acute exanthematous pustulosis following sunlight exposure: case report

(Source: Reactions)

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  CIPROFLOXACIN (Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride) Tablet, Film Coated [Cobalt Laboratories Inc.]

Updated Date: Dec 7, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Dissemination of ST131 and ST393 community-onset, ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli clones causing urinary tract infections in Korea

In this study, we investigated the distribution of virulence determinants and phylogenetic groups among community-onset, ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli isolates causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Korea. In addition, the evidence of clonal spread in the community was also examined.Methods: From November 2006 to August 2007, 543 community-onset E. coli isolates causing UTIs were collected as part of a multicenter surveillance study. In vitro susceptibility testing was performed using broth microdilution method. Distribution of virulence determinants and phylogenetic groupings were examined. In addition, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis was performed.Results: In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 154 isolates (28.4%) were ciprofloxacin-resistant. Of th...

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  Stevens-Johnson syndrome related to ciprofloxacin, possibly enhanced by overadministration of levothyroxine.

Authors: Cholongitas E, Georgousaki C, Spyrou S, Katsogridakis K, Dasenaki M A 66-year-old woman is presented who developed Stevens-Johnson syndrome related to ciprofloxacin. It is postulated that overdose of levothyroxine could have reduced cytochrome activity required for the metabolism of ciprofloxacin and that this could have contributed to the development of the drug reaction. PMID: 19951652 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Dermatol Online J)

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  Ecological Effects of Selective Decontamination on Resistant Gram-negative Bacterial Colonization.

CONCLUSION: SOD and SDD have marked effects on the bacterial ecology in an ICU with rising ceftazidime resistance prevalence rates in the respiratory tract during intervention and a considerable rebound effect of ceftazidime resistance in the intestinal tract after discontinuation of SDD. PMID: 19965807 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Am J Respir Crit Car...)

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  Use of ciprofloxacin in pregnancy

Source: National Teratology Information Service (NTIS) Area: Evidence > Drugs in Pregnancy Ciprofloxacin is a quinolone antibiotic recommended for use against a wide variety of infections. There are limited data available on the use of ciprofloxacin in human pregnancy but the evidence to date does not suggest any increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, due to the limited data and the theoretical risk of arthropathy, the use of ciprofloxacin and other quinolones in pregnancy is not generally recommended, except for the treatment of serious or life-threatening conditions unresponsive to standard antibiotic therapy. Penicillins and cephalosporins are the antibiotics of choice for use in pregnancy. Inadvertent exposure to ciprofloxacin during pregnancy is not an indication for ...

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  Characteristics of aac(6')-Ib-cr Gene in Extended-Spectrum beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Chungnam Area.

CONCLUSIONS: The aac(6')-Ib-cr variants were widespread and showed significant relation to the high-level quinolone and aminoglycoside resistance in ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae. PMID: 20046086 [PubMed - in process] (Source: The Korean Journal of Laboratory Medicine)

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  Prevalence of intestinal parasitic and bacterial pathogens in diarrhoeal and non-diarroeal human stools from Vhembe district, South Africa.

Authors: Samie A, Guerrant RL, Barrett L, Bessong PO, Igumbor EO, Obi CL In the present study, a cross-sectional survey of intestinal parasitic and bacterial infections in relation to diarrhoea in Vhembe district and the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of isolated bacterial pathogens was conducted. Stool samples were collected from 528 patients attending major public hospitals and 295 children attending two public primary schools and were analyzed by standard microbiological and parasitological techniques. Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar (34.2%) and Cryptosporidium spp. (25.5%) were the most common parasitic causes of diarrhoea among the hospital attendees while Giardia lamblia (12.8%) was the most common cause of diarrhoea among the primary school children (p < 0.05). Schisto...

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  Antibiotic resistance and assessment of food-borne pathogenic bacteria in frozen foods.

Authors: Baek E, Lee D, Jang S, An H, Kim M, Kim K, Lee K, Ha N One hundred ninety-three frozen food samples collected in Korea various public bazaars from October 2006 to September 2007. Staphylococci were detected in 21.8% of frozen food samples. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 17 (8.8%) samples. Other staphylococci isolates were identified as S. warneri (7.8%), S. epidermidis (2.1%), S. xylosus (1.6%), S. eguorum (1%), and S. vitulinus (0.5%). Additionally, the antimicrobial susceptibility of 42 staphylococcal isolates to ten different antimicrobial agents was determined. The staphylococcal isolates demonstrated antimicrobial resistance to mupirocin (31%) oxacillin (14.3%), gentamicin (9.5%), teicoplanin (7.1%) and ciprofloxacin (7.1%). Most of the staphylococcal isolates sh...

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  Ciprofloxacin: Thrombocytopenia in an elderly patient: case report

(Source: Reactions)

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  CIPRO (Ciprofloxacin) Tablet, Film Coated [Schering Plough Corporation]

Updated Date: Nov 30, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Transferable Quinolone Resistance in Vibrio cholerae.

Authors: Kim HB, Wang M, Ahmed S, Park CH, Larocque RC, Faruque AS, Salam MA, Khan WA, Qadri F, Calderwood SB, Jacoby GA, Hooper DC Ciprofloxacin was introduced for treatment of patients with cholera in Bangladesh because of resistance to other agents, but its utility has been compromised by decreasing ciprofloxacin susceptibility of Vibrio cholerae over time. We correlated levels of susceptibility and temporal patterns with the occurrence of mutation in gyrA, encoding a subunit of DNA gyrase, followed by mutation in parC, encoding a subunit of DNA topoisomerase IV. We found that ciprofloxacin activity was more recently further compromised in strains containing qnrVC3, which encodes a pentapeptide repeat protein of the Qnr subfamily, members of which protect topoisomerases from quinolo...

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  [Clinical aspects and epidemiology of uncomplicated cystitis in women : German results of the ARESC Study.]

CONCLUSIONS: Fosfomycin, mecillinam (not available in Germany), and nitrofurantoin have preserved their in vitro activity and are suitable for empiric therapy. Because of increasing resistance rates cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim) and fluoroquinolones are generally not recommended as first-choice drugs for empiric therapy of female patients with uncomplicated cystitis. PMID: 19943031 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Der Urologe. Ausg. A)

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  Setting standards for the prevention and management of travellers' diarrhoea in elite athletes: an audit of one team during the Youth Commonwealth Games in India

Conclusions: The incidence of TD was less during the event than on the reconnaissance trip. The relative contribution to this reduction in strict hygiene guidelines as compared with potentially improved catering hygiene arrangements is unknown. Prophylactic ciprofloxacin also reduced the incidence of TD but it is probably not appropriate for use in elite athletes. Rifaximin may be an alternative for this group. (Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine)

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  Erythema nodosum in renal transplant recipients: multiple cases and review of literature

We report 4 renal transplant recipients with erythema nodosum. Erythema nodosum is a cutaneous inflammatory reaction located on the anterior aspects of the lower extremities. It may be associated with a wide variety of diseases, including infections (as in Cases 1 and 2), sarcoidosis, rheumatologic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases (as in Case 3), medications (as in Case 4), autoimmune disorders, pregnancy, and malignancies. Histopathologically, erythema nodosum is the stereotypical example of a mostly septal panniculitis with no vasculitis, and the inflammatory infiltrate in the septa varies with age of the lesion. In early lesions edema, hemorrhage, and neutrophils are responsible for the septal thickening, whereas fibrosis, peri-septal granulation tissue, lymphocytes, and multinucle...

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  Effect of the association of reduced glutathione and ciprofloxacin on the antimicrobial activity in Staphylococcus aureus

We report the effect of glutathione and the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), assayed by a nitro blue tetrazolium reaction, on the antibacterial action of ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol in Staphylococcus aureus 22 resistant to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin, and in S. aureus ATCC 29213 sensitive to the above three antibiotics. The association of glutathione with ciprofloxacin or gentamicin significantly reduced the value of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in resistant S. aureus 22, measured using the macrodilution method, with a concomitant increase of intracellular ROS and a decrease of extracellular ROS. However, glutathione did not induce modifications in MIC or ROS generated by chloramphenicol. Furthermore, in the sensitive S. aureus ATCC 29213, the associa...

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  Characterization of an SXT variant Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa isolated from a patient in Trivandrum, India

The emerging multiple drug resistance in bacterial pathogens is complicating the treatment of diseases and hence is a major public health concern. In the present study, Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor Ogawa isolated from a patient was examined for antibiotic susceptibility pattern, presence of SXT and its transmissibility, associated drug resistance genes and variation in the int gene and the attP attachment site of SXT. The strain showed resistance to ampicillin, polymixin B, co-trimoxazole, trimethoprim, streptomycin, spectinomycin, furazolidone, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid. The sequencing of int, the SXT-specific integrase and attP attachment site indicated that it possessed a variant of SXT with trimethoprim (dfrA1), sulphamethoxazole (sul2) and streptomycin (strB) resista...

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  Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and genetic relatedness among enterococci isolated from dogs and cats in the United States

Conclusion: Enterococci from dogs and cats may be a source of antimicrobial resistance genes.Significance and Impact of the Study: Dogs and cats may act as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes that can be transferred from pets to people. Although host-specific ecovars of enterococcal species have been described, identical PFGE patterns suggest that enterococcal strains may be exchanged between these two animal species. (Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology)

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  Aeromonas Septicemia After Medicinal Leech Use Following Replantation of Severed Digits.

Authors: Levine SM, Frangos SG, Hanna B, Colen K, Levine JP Medicinal leeches are used to control venous congestion. Aeromonas in the leech gut are essential for digestion of blood. This case report describes a patient who had Aeromonas bacteremia develop after leeching. He had an injury to his hand that required replantation of his thumb. Following the surgery, leech therapy was started with ampicillin-sulbactam prophylaxis. Sepsis developed. Blood cultures were positive for Aeromonas that were resistant to ampicillin-sulbactam. The antibiotic was changed to ciprofloxacin on the basis of the sensitivity profile of the organisms. Cultures from the leech bathwater confirmed it as the source of the Aeromonas. Clinicians who use leech therapy must be aware that leeches can harbor Aeromona...

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  Membrane Permeability in the Gastrointestinal Tract: The Interplay between Microclimate pH and Transporters.

Authors: Kristl A Some examples of pH- and transporter-dependent permeability, determined in side-by-side diffusion cells, are summarized. We investigated the polarized transport in the mucosal-to-serosal direction of monocarboxylic acid-type drugs through the excised rat jejunal tissue and an artificial membrane. We established that, in vitro, these substances are most probably not transported by monocarboxylate transporter 1, but by passive pH-dependent transport. We also studied various influences on the permeability of fluorescein, a low permeability marker, through isolated rat intestinal segments, Caco-2 cell monolayers, and an artificial membrane. Polarized transport of fluorescein in the serosal-to-mucosal direction through the rat jejunum by multidrug resistance-associated pro...

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Indian Meds

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