MedWorm: Chlorhexidine

  Conventional infection control measures found effective in reducing MRSA rates

(Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America) Scientists at the Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center found that an emphasis on compliance with non-pathogen specific infection control practices such as hand hygiene, efforts to reduce device-related infections and chlorhexidine bathing (a daily bath with the same antibacterial agent used by surgeons to "scrub in" before an operation), is successful in reducing rates of health-care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The findings were presented today at the Fifth Decennial International Conference on Healthcare-Associated Infections. (Source: EurekAlert! - Medicine and Health)

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  Antiseptic Bath Cuts Infection in ICU (CME/CE)

Bathing critically ill trauma patients daily with chlorhexidine significantly reduced healthcare-associated infections, researchers said. (Source: MedPage Today Infectious Disease)

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  Antiseptic Cloths Associated With Reduced Rate Of Treatment-Resistant Bacteria In The Trauma Center

Bathing trauma patients daily using cloths containing the antiseptic chlorhexidine may be associated with a decreased rate of colonization and infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other difficult-to-treat bacteria, according to a report in the March issue of Archives of Surgery, one of the JAMA/Archives journals. "Healthcare-associated infections pose a significant burden to patients admitted following major injury," the authors write as background information in the article... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

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  Antiseptic Cloths Associated With Reduced Rate Of Treatment-Resistant Bacteria In The Trauma Center

Bathing trauma patients daily using cloths containing the antiseptic chlorhexidine may be associated with a decreased rate of colonization and infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other difficult-to-treat bacteria, according to a report in the March issue of Archives of Surgery, one of the JAMA/Archives journals... (Source: MRSA / Drug Resistance News From Medical News Today)

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  Gingival abscess due to an unusual nail-biting habit: a case report.

This report describes a case of gingival abscess in a child due to a fingernail-biting habit. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 5-year, 6-month-old female presented gingival swelling and fistula in the primary maxillary left central and right lateral incisors as an unusual sequelae to the periodontal tissues from fingernail-biting. A periodontal curette was used to remove the fragments and to curette the area. After the curettage, an exudate of blood and pus was drained. Then the area was irrigated with 0.12% chlorhexidine solution; applying finger pressure controlled the secretion. After one week, the patient returned with gingival swelling present in the same teeth. The same curettage procedure was performed. It was suggested that the deleterious habit was related to emotional tension and anxiety beha...

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  Evaluation of otoscope cone disinfection techniques and contamination level in small animal private practice.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of bacterial contamination of otoscope cones in veterinary private practice, and to determine the most effective method of disinfection. Fifty small animal practices participated in this study, which included a detailed survey regarding otoscope cleaning, storage and usage and quantitative culture of the cleaned and stored otoscope cones. Using sterile technique, two cones from each of the 50 hospitals were swabbed and submitted for quantitative culture. Contamination was present in 29% of the samples and the following organisms were isolated: Flavobacterium brevis (10%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6%), Pseudomonas alcaligenes (4%), Staphylococcus intermedius (4%), Corynebacterium spp. (2%), Bacillus spp. (1%), Enterococcus faecalis (1%) M...

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  Antiseptic cloths associated with reduced rate of treatment-resistant bacteria in the trauma center

Bathing trauma patients daily using cloths containing the antiseptic chlorhexidine may be associated with a decreased rate of colonization and infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other difficult-to-treat bacteria, according to a new report. (Source: ScienceDaily Headlines)

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  Antiseptic Cloths Reduce Deadly Bacteria

(Ivanhoe Newswire) -- Bathing trauma patients daily using cloths containing the antiseptic chlorhexidine may be associated with a decreased rate of infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other difficult-to-treat bacteria. (Source: Medical Headlines From Ivanhoe.com)

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  Effect of Chlorhexidine Whole-Body Bathing on Hospital-Acquired Infections Among Trauma Patients [Original Article]

Conclusions  Daily bathing of trauma patients with cloths impregnated with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate is associated with a decreased rate of colonization by MRSA and Acinetobacter and lower rates of catheter-related bloodstream infection and MRSA VAP. (Source: Archives of Surgery)

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  A Bath a Day: Comment on "Effect of Chlorhexidine Whole-Body Bathing on Hospital-Acquired Infections Among Trauma Patients" [Invited Critique]

(Source: Archives of Surgery)

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  PERIOGARD (Chlorhexidine Gluconate) Liquid [Colgate-Palmolive Company]

Updated Date: Mar 15, 2010 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Antiseptic cloths associated with reduced rate of treatment-resistant bacteria in the trauma center

(JAMA and Archives Journals) Bathing trauma patients daily using cloths containing the antiseptic chlorhexidine may be associated with a decreased rate of colonization and infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other difficult-to-treat bacteria, according to a report in the March issue of Archives of Surgery, one of the JAMA/Archives journals. (Source: EurekAlert! - Infectious and Emerging Diseases)

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  Comment on: Use of chlorhexidine-impregnated dressing to prevent vascular and epidural catheter colonization and infection: a meta-analysis

(Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

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  Use of chlorhexidine-impregnated dressing to prevent vascular and epidural catheter colonization and infection: a meta-analysis

(Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

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  Preoperative Skin Cleansing With Chlorhexidine Gluconate

A reader asks if 2% chlorhexidine gluconate is sufficient for preoperative bathing or showering. Medscape Nurses (Source: Medscape General Surgery Headlines)

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  Daily skin cleansing with chlorhexidine did not reduce the rate of central-line associated bloodstream infection in a surgical intensive care unit

Conclusions  In this real-world effectiveness trial, daily cleansing of surgical ICU patients’ skin with CHG had no effect on CLABSI rates, but was associated with half the rate of blood culture contamination. Controlled trials in surgical ICUs are needed to determine whether CHG bathing can prevent infections in this setting. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Brief ReportDOI 10.1007/s00134-010-1783-yAuthors Kyle J. Popovich, Stroger Hospital of Cook County Chicago USABala Hota, Stroger Hospital of Cook County Chicago USARobert Hayes, Rush University Medical Center Rush Medical College 1653 W Congress Pkwy Chicago IL 60612 USARobert A. Weinstein, Stroger Hospital of Cook County Chicago USAMary K. Hayden, Rush University Medical Center Rush Medical College 1653 W...

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  Effect of Chlorhexidine Gluconate on the Skin Integrity at PICC Line Sites

Does the use of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) contribute to skin inflammation at peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) sites among patients in the neonatal intensive unit? Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association (Source: Medscape Today Headlines)

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  Short-term clinical effects of commercially available gel containing Acacia arabica: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Conclusions: Gumtone gel may be a useful herbal formulation for chemical plaque control agent and improvement in plaque and gingival status. (Source: Australian Dental Journal)

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  Periochip (Chlorhexidine) - updated on RxList

Periochip (Chlorhexidine) drug description - FDA approved labeling for prescription drugs and medications at RxList (Source: RxList - New and Updated Drug Monographs)

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  Aliskiren ameliorates chlorhexidine digluconate-induced peritoneal fibrosis in rats

Conclusions Aliskiren protected against chlorhexidine digluconate-induced PF in rats by decreasing TGF-[beta]1 production. (Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation)

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  SCRUB CARE (Chlorhexidine Gluconate) Solution [Productos Urologos De Mexico, S.A. De C.V.]

Updated Date: Mar 2, 2010 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Investigation of the interactions between neutrophils and endodontic isolates of Enterococcus faecalis

Conclusions Aggregation substance did not appear to affect the antimicrobial susceptibility of any of the strains to CHX or NaOCl. All of the E. faecalis strains examined were capable of survival for 18 h inside the neutrophils following phagocytosis; regardless of their capacity to produce aggregation substance. In addition, all strains of E. faecalis had enhanced susceptibilities to the antimicrobial agents after residence inside neutrophils for 18 h. (Source: International Endodontic Journal)

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  The efficacy of different endodontic irrigants against Enterococcus faecalis in an extracted human tooth model

Conclusion The study showed that using a cross over Latin square design eliminates bias in results due to the use of different teeth. NaOCl, Sterilox and CHX had a greater antibacterial efficacy that the control, PBS. Statistically there was no significant difference between NaOCl, Sterilox and CHX. (Source: International Endodontic Journal)

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  Oral Cleansing with Chlorhexidine to Decrease the Incidence of Nosocomial Pneumonia: Using the Right Concentration in the Right Place • 

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, Volume 31, Issue 4, Page 429, April 2010. (Source: Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol Latest Issue)

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  Successful Control of an Outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase–Producing K. pneumoniae at a Long‐Term Acute Care Hospital • 

Conclusion. A bundled intervention was successful in preventing horizontal spread of KPC‐producing gram‐negative rods in a long‐term acute care hospital, despite ongoing admission of patients colonized with KPC producers. (Source: Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol Latest Issue)

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  Oral care practices for orally intubated critically ill adults.

Conclusions Survey results indicate that discrepancies exist between reported practices and policies. Oral care policies appear to be present, but not well used. PMID: 20194614 [PubMed - in process] (Source: American Journal of Critical Care)

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  Current Concepts in the Prevention and Treatment of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most common causes of infection in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Efforts to prevent VAP have focused on both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic strategies. Two of the more controversial pharmacologic approaches included selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) and decontamination of the oropharynx using topical antimicrobials or antiseptics including chlorhexidine (CHX). Additionally, avoidance of pharmacotherapy-related risk factors is hypothesized to reduce VAP rates. Successful treatment of VAP is becoming increasingly difficult in the era of antibiotic resistance. Utilization of local antibiograms, implementation of standardized treatment pathways, and optimization of pharmacodynamic-based dosing offer methods to i...

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  PROPET DENTAL CLEANSING LIQUID (Chlorhexidine) Liquid [United Pet Group]

Updated Date: Feb 26, 2010 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Chlorhexidine stabilizes the adhesive interface: A 2-year in vitro study

This study evaluated the role of endogenous dentin MMPs in auto-degradation of collagen fibrils within adhesive-bonded interfaces. The null hypotheses tested were that adhesive blends or chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) application does not modify dentin MMPs activity and that CHX used as therapeutic primer does not improve the stability of adhesive interfaces over time.Methods: Zymograms of protein extracts from human dentin powder incubated with Adper Scotchbond 1XT (SB1XT) on untreated or 0.2–2% CHX-treated dentin were obtained to assay dentin MMPs activity. Microtensile bond strength and interfacial nanoleakage expression of SB1XT bonded interfaces (with or without CHX pre-treatment for 30s on the etched surface) were analyzed immediately and after 2 years of storage in artificial sal...

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  PERIDEX (Chlorhexidine Gluconate) Mouthwash [3M ESPE Dental Products]

Updated Date: Feb 24, 2010 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Successful Control of an Outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase–Producing K. pneumoniae at a Long‐Term Acute Care Hospital

Conclusion. A bundled intervention was successful in preventing horizontal spread of KPC‐producing gram‐negative rods in a long‐term acute care hospital, despite ongoing admission of patients colonized with KPC producers. (Source: Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol Latest Issue)

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  Chlorhexidine: Allergic contact dermatitis due to decyl glucoside excipient in elderly patients: 2 case reports

(Source: Reactions)

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  Comparison of preservative-induced toxicity on monolayer and stratified Chang conjunctival cells.

Authors: Yanochko GM, Khoh-Reiter S, Evans MG, Jessen BA Preservatives are used in ocular medications to prevent microbial contamination. The use of Benzalkonium chloride (BAC), the most widely used preservative in ocular medications, has been scrutinized with a number of studies indicating its toxicity to monolayer cultures of corneal epithelial cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the toxicity of BAC and other preservatives and common components of ocular formulations on monolayer and stratified air-lifted cultures of Chang conjunctival cells. Air-lifting Chang cells grown on transwell filters increased stratification as assessed by transepithelial electrical resistance and histology. Unlike monolayer cultures in which ocular medications containing BAC caused ...

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  Chlorhexidine, Toothbrushing, and Preventing Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Critically Ill Adults

When resources are tight, what works best for VAP prevention? American Journal of Critical Care (Source: Medscape Today Headlines)

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  Comparison of two full-mouth approaches in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis: a pilot study

The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that an additional full-mouth disinfection results in a greater clinical and microbiological improvement compared with sole mechanical debridement within one session in patients with peri-implant mucositis and treated chronic periodontitis. The study included 13 partially edentulous patients (mean age 51.5 years) with treated chronic periodontitis and 36 dental implants with mucositis (bleeding on probing and/or a gingival index [ge]1 at least at one site at baseline, absence of peri-implant bone loss during the last 2 years before baseline). After randomized assignment to a test and a control group, patients received a one-stage full-mouth scaling with or without chlorhexidine. Clinical and microbiological examination was performed a...

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  Evidence for Practice

Strict adherence to aseptic technique is essential to the prevention of surgical site infection (SSI). One component of aseptic technique is preoperative preparation of the skin before the surgical incision is made. Several skin preparation products approved by the US Food and Drug Administration are used in perioperative settings throughout the United States. These include a 4% chlorhexidine product, a 2% chlorhexidine and 70% isopropyl alcohol product, a 70% isopropyl alcohol product, povidone-iodine products, and an iodine povacrylex in isopropyl alcohol product. (Source: AORN Journal)

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  Iodine in Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition

Iodine deficiency (ID) has multiple adverse effects on growth and development due to inadequate thyroid hormone production. Methods for assessment of iodine nutrition in individuals include the urinary iodine concentration (UI), thyroid size and thyroid function tests. The UI measured in several repeat 24-h urine samples can detect inadequate iodine intake in individuals receiving enteral or parenteral nutrition (PN) and allow for iodine supplementation before the onset of hypothyroidism. A daily dose of 1 μg iodine/kg body weight is currently recommended for children receiving PN, but this is far below their requirements. Daily iodine requirements in adults receiving enteral nutrition or PN are estimated to be 70–150 μg, but most PN formulations do not contain iodine. Despite this, ID...

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  Clinical news.

Authors: Cognitive childhood clues to adult schizophrenia Use of MRI does not reduce re-operation rate for breast cancer Which drug-eluting stent? Obstructive sleep apnoea may worsen diabetes Ensuring consistency of care and improved quality of sexually transmitted infection service provision Chlorhexidine preoperative cleansing reduces surgical site infections Improving clinical response in psoriasis Combined drug and radiotherapy improves survival in cervical cancer. PMID: 20220692 [PubMed - in process] (Source: British Journal of Hospital Medicine)

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  Adjunctive use of chlorhexidine/ethanol on dentin bond stability

This study examines the benefits of the adjunctive use of chlorhexidine and ethanol on the durability of resin–dentin bonds. (Source: Dental Materials)

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  Effect of bonding on MMP-2 in human dentin

Objectives: Degradation of hybrid layers (HL) within resin-infiltrated dentin has shown to result from multiple degradation factors, including the collagenolytic activity of specific matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Inhibition of host-derived MMPs may, therefore, slow the degradation of HL. To examine the effect of bonding procedures on the presence and activity of MMP-2, the null hypothesis tested is that MMP-2 presence is irrespective from the use of an adhesive system, and from the chlorhexidine pre-treatment. (Source: Dental Materials)

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  Use of quaternary ammonium methacrylates to inhibit dentin matrix MMPs

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) bound to dentin have been thought to contribute to the progressive degradation of collagen fibrils in hybrid layers. Inhibition of host-derived MMPs may slow the degradation over time. Chlorhexidine (CHX) has been shown to have an anti-MMP activity and contains two cationic quaternary ammonium groups which seems to be responsible for this activity. However, CHX is water soluble which might compromise the long term effect. (Source: Dental Materials)

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  Substantivity of chlorhexidine to human dentin

Objectives. The ability of chlorhexidine (CHX) to slow the resin-dentin bonds degradation is likely related with its capacity to inhibit the collagenolytic/gelatinolytic activity of dentin. The aim of this study was to investigate the substantivity of CHX to human dentin. (Source: Dental Materials)

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  Real time microsensor measurement of local metabolic activities in ex vivo dental biofilms exposed to sucrose and treated with chlorhexidine.

Authors: von Ohle C, Gieseke A, Nistico L, Decker EM, Debeer D, Stoodley P Dental biofilms are characterized by structural and functional heterogeneity. Due to bacterial metabolism gradients develop and diverse ecological micro-niches exist. The aims of this study were to determine the metabolic activity of microorganisms in naturally grown dental biofilms ex vivo by measuring dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH profiles with microelectrodes with high spatial resolution, and to analyse the impact of an antimicrobial chlorhexidine (CHX) treatment on microbial physiology during stimulation by sucrose, in real time. Biofilms were cultivated on standardized human enamel surfaces in vivo. DO and pH profiles were measured in a flow cell system in sterile human saliva, after sucrose addition (10%), ...

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  Effect of MTAD on the Differentiation of Osteoblast-like Cells

Conclusions: These results suggested that MTAD is a less cytotoxic irrigant and does not affect differentiation into osteoblasts compared with other intracanal irrigants, such as H2O2, NaOCl, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and chlorhexidine. (Source: Journal of Endodontics)

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  Use of chlorhexidine varnishes in preventing and treating periodontal disease: a review of the literature

The objectives and inclusion criteria of the review were clear in most respects, although the review was restricted to treatment studies when the objective suggested that prophylaxis was also of interest. Relevant sources were searched, though it was not stated whether there was any restriction by language or publication status. It was unclear whether steps were taken to reduce the risk of error and bias by having more than one reviewer independently undertake study selection and data extraction. It did not appear that study validity was systematically assessed, which made it ... (Source: NeLM - Dentistry)

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  [Practice assessment of central venous lines care in surgical ICU of French university hospitals.]

CONCLUSION: The high number of answers allows setting of a precise state of CVCs insertion practices in adult surgical ICUs. Recommendations for central venous catheter insertion and maintenance are not still known and\or applied. PMID: 20106630 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Annales Francaises d'Anesthesie et de Reanimation)

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  Comparison of Classic Endodontic Techniques versus Contemporary Techniques on Endodontic Treatment Success

Conclusions: No statistically significant difference was noted between the two technique groups or between single or multiple visits in terms of survival. (Source: Journal of Endodontics)

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  Clinical Performance and Nursing Satisfaction of a Transparent Chlorhexidine Gluconate IV Securement Dressing with Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters

(Source: Journal of the Association for Vascular Access)

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  Efficacy of a low-concentration chlorhexidine mouth rinse in non-compliant periodontitis patients attending a supportive periodontal care programme: a randomized clinical trial.

Conclusions: The tested mouth rinse demonstrated efficacy in reducing plaque and gingivitis, as well as in decreasing the microbial load in saliva and gingival sulcus. PMID: 20088984 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology)

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  Stability of Doxycycline and Chlorhexidine Absorbed on Root Canal Dentin

Conclusions: Compared with doxycycline, chlorhexidine is more stable on root canal dentin. (Source: Journal of Endodontics)

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  New Study Published In The New England Journal Of Medicine Shows Superiority Of CareFusion ChloraPrep(R) Compared To Povidone Iodine

Data published in The New England Journal of Medicine demonstrates that use of CareFusion's patient preoperative skin preparation ChloraPrep® (2 percent chlorhexidine gluconate and 70 percent isopropyl alcohol) reduced total surgical site infections (SSIs) by 41 percent, from 16.1 percent to 9.5 percent, compared to use of povidone-iodine solution, the most commonly used preoperative skin preparation... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

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  New Study Published In The New England Journal Of Medicine Shows Superiority Of CareFusion ChloraPrep(R) Compared To Povidone Iodine

Data published in The New England Journal of Medicine demonstrates that use of CareFusion's patient preoperative skin preparation ChloraPrep® (2 percent chlorhexidine gluconate and 70 percent isopropyl alcohol) reduced total surgical site infections (SSIs) by 41 percent, from 16.1 percent to 9... (Source: Dermatology News From Medical News Today)

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  Blood Culture Contamination Rates after Skin Antisepsis with Chlorhexidine Gluconate versus Povidone‐Iodine in a Pediatric Emergency Department • 

Conclusion. Skin antisepsis with chlorhexidine significantly reduces the blood culture contamination rate among young children, as compared with povidone‐iodine. (Source: Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol Latest Issue)

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  Chlorhexidine Cuts Risk of Surgical Infections (CME/CE, with audio)

The chemical antiseptic chlorhexidine does a better job than povidone-iodine in reducing the risk of surgical site infections, even in carriers of S. aureus, according to two new randomized studies. (Source: MedPage Today Infectious Disease)

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  Chlorhexidine-alcohol better than povidone-iodine for pre-operative skin cleansing

This study aimed to determine whether chlorhexidine 2% in isopropanol 70% was more effective than aqueous povidone-iodine 10% solution as a pre-operative antiseptic. Eligible patients were adults undergoing clean-contaminated surgery, without a history of allergy to either of the preparations used, and with no evidence of infection at or near to the surgical site. They were randomised to pre-operative skin cleansing with one agent or the other; patients and investigators remained blind to the agent used. Primary outcome was any surgical-site infection within 30 days after ... (Source: NeLM - Dermatology)

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  Identifying and decolonising nasal carriers of S. aureus can reduce infections

This study investigated whether the risk could be reduced by a strategy in which patients were screened for nasal S. aureus carriage and those identified were treated with a decolonisation regimen involving five days use of mupirocin nasal ointment and washing with chlorhexidine soap. Eligible patients were being admitted to general surgical or internal medicine units and were expected to stay for at least four days. They were screened using a rapid PCR test either on admission or in the week before ... (Source: NeLM - News)

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  Suspected allergy to local anaesthetics: follow-up in 135 cases

Local anaesthetics (LA) are generally considered safe with respect to allergy. However, various clinical reactions steadily occur. Even though most reactions are manifestations of reflexes to perceptive stimuli, uncertainty often remains regarding a possible allergic mechanism. This uncertainty later leads to an avoidance of local anaesthesia and unnecessarily painful interventions, resource-consuming general anaesthesia or even the risk of re-exposure to other yet unidentified allergens. In the present study, follow-up procedures at an allergy clinic were analysed to examine the frequency of identified causative agents and pathogenetic mechanisms and evaluate the strength of the diagnostic conclusions. The medical records of 135 cases with alleged allergic reactions to LA were reviewed. D...

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  Preventing Surgical-Site Infections in Nasal Carriers of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of surgical-site infections. In this randomized trial, eradication of colonization by rapid screening at admission and subsequent decolonization (with intranasal mupirocin and chlorhexidine skin washes) were associated with a decrease in postoperative surgical-site infections. (Source: New England Journal of Medicine)

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  Chlorhexidine-Alcohol versus Povidone-Iodine for Surgical-Site Antisepsis

The skin is a source of infection associated with surgery. In this multicenter, randomized trial, the preoperative application of chlorhexidine-alcohol was found to be a more effective skin preparation than povidone-iodine for preventing incisional infections. (Source: New England Journal of Medicine)

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  CME: Chlorhexidine-Alcohol versus Povidone-Iodine for Surgical-Site Antisepsis

(No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: New England Journal of Medicine)

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  Blood Culture Contamination Rates after Skin Antisepsis with Chlorhexidine Gluconate versus Povidone‐Iodine in a Pediatric Emergency Department

Conclusion. Skin antisepsis with chlorhexidine significantly reduces the blood culture contamination rate among young children, as compared with povidone‐iodine. (Source: Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol Latest Issue)

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  Antimicrobial activity of sodium hypochlorite associated with intracanal medication for Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis inoculated in root canals

CONCLUSIONS: Both 1% NaOCl irrigation and the intracanal medications were effective in eliminating E. faecalis and C. albicans inoculated in root canals. (Source: Journal of Applied Oral Science)

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  In vitro antimicrobial activity of a commercial ear antiseptic containing chlorhexidine and Tris-EDTA.

Authors: Guardabassi L, Ghibaudo G, Damborg P Abstract Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of a commercial ear antiseptic containing chlorhexidine 0.15% and Tris-EDTA (Otodine((R))) were determined by broth microdilution for 150 isolates representing the most common pathogens associated with canine otitis. The microorganisms were classified into three groups according to their levels of susceptibility. The most susceptible group included Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Malassezia pachydermatis, Streptococcus canis and Corynebacterium auriscanis, which were generally killed by 1 : 64 dilution of the antiseptic product (MBC = 23/0.8 mug/mL of chlorhexidine/Tris-EDTA). The most resistant organism was Proteus mirabilis, which survived up to 1 : 8 dilution of the product (MBC = 375/...

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  The effect of a chlorhexidine-based surgical lubricant during pelvic examination on the detection of group B Streptococcus

Conclusion: Because pelvic examination with surgical lubricant may decrease the detection of GBS, obstetric practitioners should collect GBS screening cultures before the use of surgical lubricant. (Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology)

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  Antibacterial effects of 4-META/MMA-TBB resin containing chlorhexidine.

This study evaluated the antibacterial effects of 4-acryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride/methyl methacrylate-tri-n-butylborane (4-META/MMA-TBB) resin containing chlorhexidine (CHX) digluconate. The CHX was incorporated into the resins at varying concentrations from 0.0 (control) to 3.0%. The antibacterial effect of each resin against seven microorganisms was examined using agar diffusion tests. Growth inhibition of two streptococci was also tested in brain heart infusion (BHI) liquid broth containing each resin. Release of CHX was analyzed using HPLC, and enamel and dentin bond strengths of each resin were measured. In the agar diffusion tests, growth of all the microorganisms was inhibited by the resin specimens containing CHX at 1.0% or higher except for Enterococcus faecalis. There w...

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  XF-70 and XF-73, novel antibacterial agents active against slow-growing and non-dividing cultures of Staphylococcus aureus including biofilms

Conclusions XF-70 and XF-73 remained highly active against various forms of slow-growing or non-dividing S. aureus. The results support the hypothesis that membrane-active agents may be particularly effective in eradicating slow- or non-growing bacteria and suggest that XF-70 and XF-73 could be utilized to treat staphylococcal infections where the organisms are only dividing slowly, such as biofilm-associated infections of prosthetic devices. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

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  The Use of Bichat's Buccal Fat Pad to Close Oroantral Communications in Irradiated Maxilla

I write in response to the article by Poeschl et al on the closure of oroantral communications using Bichat's buccal fat pad flap in their series of patients. They have done a marvelous job of closing the defects, which can be difficult and large, and their results confirmed my personal experience on the viability of this flap. Like Poeschl et al, I too irrigated the maxillary sinus before closure, except that chlorhexidine was used in my cases. In addition, I prescribed antibiotics (amoxicillin and metronidazole) to be taken 5 days before surgery and continue for another week postoperatively. This is done to ensure that there is no residual infection that may hinder the healing of the flap. I wonder whether Poeschl et al prescribe any antibiotics at all, and if so, what is the regimen use...

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  Biofilm reduction and staining potential of a 0.05% chlorhexidine rinse containing essential oils

Conclusions: The test solution exhibited an antimicrobial activity. The composition, however, seems to hamper its effectiveness. Accordingly, it produced statistically significant, although by trend less, staining on restorative materials. (Source: International Journal of Dental Hygiene)

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  Determination of 4-Chloroaniline and Its Derivatives Formed in the Interaction of Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorhexidine by Using Gas Chromatography

Conclusions: Further investigations of the precipitate should address the bioavailability of PCA leaching out from dentin and its cytotoxicity. Until the precipitate is studied further, it would appear prudent to minimize its formation by avoiding the use of CHX together with NaOCl. (Source: Journal of Endodontics)

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  An In Vitro Spectroscopic Analysis to Determine Whether Para-Chloroaniline Is Produced from Mixing Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorhexidine

Conclusions: On the basis of this in vitro study, the reaction mixture of NaOCl and CHXa does not produce PCA at any measurable quantity, and further investigation is needed to determine the chemical composition of the brown precipitate. (Source: Journal of Endodontics)

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  Nosocomial pneumonia: importance of the oral environment

The objective of this article was to review the literature on the importance of the oral environment in the development of nosocomial pneumonia. (Source: Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia)

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  Comparative susceptibility of planktonic and 3-day-old Salmonella Typhimurium biofilms to disinfectants

Conclusions: While all the disinfectants evaluated were able to reduce biofilm-associated cells at concentrations and contact times sufficient to eliminate planktonic cells, there were still sufficient viable cells remaining in the biofilm to cause further contamination and potential infection.Significance and Impact of the Study: Protocols for the use of chemical disinfectants need to include biofilm susceptibility testing. There is a requirement for an effective and standardized tool for determining the susceptibility of biofilms to disinfectants. (Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology)

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  Efficacy and Limitation of a Chlorhexidine‐Based Decolonization Strategy in Preventing Transmission of Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an Intensive Care Unit

We report on the effect of an antiseptic protocol on acquisition of both endemic MRSA and an outbreak strain of MRSA sequence type 239 (designated TW). Methods. Interrupted time‐series data on MRSA acquisitions in two 15‐bed intensive care units were analyzed using segmented regression models to estimate the effects of sequential introduction of an educational campaign, cohorting, and a chlorhexidine‐based antiseptic protocol on transmission of TW and non‐TW MRSA strains. Representative TW and non‐TW MRSA strains were assessed for carriage of qacA/B genes and antiseptic susceptibility. Results. The antiseptic protocol was associated with a highly significant, immediate 70% reduction in acquisition of non‐TW MRSA strains (estimated model‐averaged incidence rate ratio, 0....

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  Eradication of Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms by Cetrimide and Chlorhexidine

Conclusions: The associated use of cetrimide and CHX provided better results than their applications as single agents against E. faecalis biofilms, and the alternating application was significantly more effective than the combined mode of application. (Source: Journal of Endodontics)

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  The Synergistic Antimicrobial Effect by Mechanical Agitation and Two Chlorhexidine Preparations on Biofilm Bacteria

Conclusions: The low-intensity ultrasonic or sonic agitation that does not disrupt biofilm or disperse the biofilm bacteria improves the action of disinfectants against biofilm bacteria. (Source: Journal of Endodontics)

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  The Effects of Antimicrobials on Endodontic Biofilm Bacteria

Conclusions: The biofilm system developed here was sensitive and differences in cell membrane integrity and removal of biofilm cells after exposure to antimicrobials commonly used in endodontics was discernible. (Source: Journal of Endodontics)

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  Chlorhexidine/silver sulfadiazine: Anaphylaxis following insertion of impregnated central venous catheters: 3 case reports

(Source: Reactions)

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  [Comment] Vaginal and neonatal skin cleansing with chlorhexidine

In The Lancet today, Clare Cutland and colleagues at the Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital (Soweto, Gauteng, South Africa) report on combined vaginal cleansing during labour and full-body neonatal cleansing with chlorhexidine to reduce early-onset neonatal morbidity and mortality. Their randomised trial (PoPS, Prevention of Neonatal Sepsis) followed on from two previous studies in Malawi and Egypt, which recorded reductions of 20–30% in all-cause and sepsis-specific neonatal mortality and admissions. These results were questioned, however, because periods of intervention were compared with periods of no intervention. Today's report compared chlorhexidine vaginal wiping during active labour and full-body neonatal chlorhexidine cleansing with a control group in which women received external ...

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  [Articles] Chlorhexidine maternal-vaginal and neonate body wipes in sepsis and vertical transmission of pathogenic bacteria in South Africa: a randomised, controlled trial

About 500 000 sepsis-related deaths per year arise in the first 3 days of life. On the basis of results from non-randomised studies, use of vaginal chlorhexidine wipes during labour has been proposed as an intervention for the prevention of early-onset neonatal sepsis in developing countries. We therefore assessed the efficacy of chlorhexidine in early-onset neonatal sepsis and vertical transmission of group B streptococcus. (Source: LANCET)

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  Antimicrobial effect of 0.2% chlorhexidine in infected root canals.

Authors: Bebek B, Bago I, Skaljac G, Plecko V, Miletić I, Anić I The aim of this study was to identify bacteria from the infected root canals of teeth with chronic apical periodontitis, and to evaluate the antibacterial effect of 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX), as an irrigant, in reducing the microbial flora 48h after root canal preparation. A total of 44 subjects were randomly divided in the experimental group and the control group. The first bacterial samples from all root canals were obtained in the beginning, before any treatment. During mechanical instrumentation, root canals were irrigated three times, with 0.2% CHX in the experimental group, and with saline solution in the control group. All canals were dried and temporarily sealed with zinc oxide-sulfate cement. After 48 ...

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  Tissue-type plasminogen activator deficiency attenuates peritoneal fibrosis in mice.

Authors: Kurata K, Maruyama S, Kato S, Sato W, Yamamoto J, Ozaki T, Nitta A, Nabeshima T, Morita Y, Mizuno M, Ito Y, Yuzawa Y, Matsuo S Peritoneal fibrosis (PF) is an important complication of peritoneal dialysis therapy. The present study was performed to examine the mechanisms of PF in view of the plasminogen activator (PA)/plasmin/matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) cascade. PF was induced in tissue-type PA (tPA) deficient mice and wild-type mice by intraperitoneal injection of chlorhexidine gluconate. Mice were killed on day 21, and tissue samples were taken. Histopathological studies were performed. Plasmin activity, gelatinases activity, and the levels of tPA, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), and MMP-2 mRNA were determined. Protein levels of MMP-3, tissue inhibitor of met...

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  Role of chlorhexidine gluconate in VAP prevention strategies in ICU patients: where are we headed?

Not applicable. The present contribution is a letter in response to a manuscript published in critical care. (Source: Critical Care)

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  Tissue-type plasminogen activator deficiency attenuates peritoneal fibrosis in mice

Peritoneal fibrosis (PF) is an important complication of peritoneal dialysis therapy. The present study was performed to examine the mechanisms of PF in view of the plasminogen activator (PA)/plasmin/matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) cascade. PF was induced in tissue-type PA (tPA) deficient mice and wild-type mice by intraperitoneal injection of chlorhexidine gluconate. Mice were killed on day 21, and tissue samples were taken. Histopathological studies were performed. Plasmin activity, gelatinases activity, and the levels of tPA, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and MMP-2 mRNA were determined. Protein levels of MMP-3, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1, -2, and -3, phospho-Smad3, membrane-type 1 (MT1)-MMP, and MT3-MMP were also studied. On day 21, tPA +/+ mice s...

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  Non-surgical periodontal therapy assisted by potassium–titanyl–phosphate laser: a pilot study

Abstract  As the American Academy of Periodontology indicates, the treatment of chronic periodontitis should be achieved in the least invasive manner through non-surgical periodontal therapy. However, complete removal of subgingival plaque and calculus is hindered with increasing probing depth (PD) and furcation involvement using hand, sonic or ultrasonic instruments. Many authors have suggested that the use of laser as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) might improve the effectiveness of conventional periodontal treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate potassium–titanyl–phosphate (KTP) laser in non-surgical periodontal therapy. Seven hundred and thirty sites with probing depths of 4–6 mm were involved in the study. The sites were divided into f...

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  Response to letter to the editor: efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis

(Source: Journal of Applied Oral Science)

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  In vitro antifungal action of different substances over microwaved-cured acrylic resins

This study evaluated the antifungal action of different agents over microwave-cured acrylic resin without polishing specimens previously contaminated with Candida albicans. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty specimens were immersed in BHI broth previously inoculated with the yeast and stored for 3 h at 37ºC. They were divided into 5 experimental groups (n=10): G1: 2% chlorhexidine solution (10 min); G2: 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (10 min); G3: modified sodium hypochlorite (10 min); G4: effervescent agent (5 min); G5: hydrogen peroxide 10v (30 min). The specimens of the control group 1 (C1) were not disinfected. Ten additional specimens of the control group 2 (C2) were not infected with the yeast, aiming to check the asepsis during the experiment. The disinfection agents were neutralized and the ac...

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  Impact of chlorhexidine mouth rinse use on postextraction infection via nitric oxide pathway

Conclusion  Results indicated that good oral hygiene following periodontal treatment prior to third molar surgery was related to an increase in arginase activity, which may improve wound healing. However, use of CHX rinse following periodontal treatment had no pronounced effect on the arginase–NO pathway. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original Research PaperDOI 10.1007/s00011-009-0115-6Authors Nurdan Ozmeric, Gazi University Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry Biskek caddesi 84. sokak, Emek 06510 Ankara TurkeyNur Mollaoglu, Gazi University Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry Ankara TurkeySerenay Elgun, Ankara University Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine Ankara TurkeyErdinc Devrim, Ankara University Department of Bio...

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  Determination of Chlorhexidine in Saliva and in Aqueous Solutions

Caries Res 1991;25:410-414 (DOI:10.1159/000261403) (Source: Caries Research)

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  A study of the relation between erosion and microhardness of root canal dentin

Conclusion: It can be concluded that erosion is not the main factor in decreasing the dentin microhardness, whereas the amount of irrigant penetration might be the main cause. (Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics)

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  Does the Type of Skin Marker Prevent Marking Erasure of Surgical-Site Markings?

Do certain skin marking pens withstand skin preparation with a chlorhexidine-based skin preparation solution in a manner similar to that with an iodine-based solution? ePlasty, Open Access Journal of Plastic Surgery (Source: Medscape General Surgery Headlines)

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  Effect of Various Chemicals as Solvents on the Dissolution of Set White Mineral Trioxide Aggregate: An In Vitro Study

Conclusions: Carbonic acid can be effectively used as an adjunct to dissolve set WMTA even after 21 days, whereas 2% chlorhexidine gluconate showed significant surface dissolution only within 24 hours of WMTA placement. Thus, usage of chlorhexidine gluconate as a root canal irrigant in which WMTA is used during endodontic procedure should be avoided for 24 hours. Solutions with EDTA have no effect on surface hardness of WMTA. (Source: Journal of Endodontics)

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  Antimicrobial efficacy of eucalyptus oil and 1,8-cineole alone and in combination with chlorhexidine digluconate against microorganisms grown in planktonic and biofilm cultures

Conclusions In conclusion, CHG may be combined with either crude EO or its major component 1,8-cineole for enhanced, synergistic antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms in planktonic and biofilm modes of growth; however, the superior antimicrobial efficacy associated with crude EO alone, compared with 1,8-cineole, favours its combination with CHG. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

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  Characterization of a polyurethane based controlled release system for local delivery of chlorhexidine diacetate.

In conclusion, the polyurethane based system developed in this study is potentially useful as a local delivery system for CDA and could be used not only in surgery but also in dental and clinical applications. PMID: 19909814 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics)

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  Parotid gland swelling following mouthrinse use

Conclusions: Swelling of the parotid gland following use of a mouthwash has previously been reported, although previous reports found this side effect only in patients who used chlorhexidine mouthwashes. This complication has therefore been informally linked to chlorhexidine. The present case report questions this hypothesis and suggests that parotid gland swelling may not be related to the type of mouthwash used, but may instead be a consequence of the rinsing action itself. (Source: International Journal of Dental Hygiene)

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  Evaluating central venous catheter care in a pediatric intensive care unit.

CONCLUSIONS: The results of this project suggest that infection control efforts may be most appropriately focused on processes rather than on products. PMID: 19880953 [PubMed - in process] (Source: American Journal of Critical Care)

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  Effectiveness of 0.50% and 0.75% chlorhexidine dentifrices in orthodontic patients: A double-blind and randomized controlled trial

Conclusions: This study suggests that the use of dentifrices with lower concentration of chlorhexidine can reduce the risk of tooth staining without compromising its effectiveness in controlling gingivitis and bleeding in orthodontic patients. (Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics)

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  Editor's choice

The value of chlorhexidine in clinical dentistry has led to many applications, including varnishes, mouthwashes, sprays, chewing gums, and dentifrices. However, at some common concentrations, it can cause staining, especially in orthodontic patients. The aim of this study was to determine whether a lower concentration of chlorhexidine in dentifrices (0.50% or 0.75%) could reduce the risk of tooth staining without compromising its effectiveness for gingivitis, bleeding, and plaque prevention. For the best possible results, this was a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Fulfilling the inclusion criteria, 81 volunteers having fixed orthodontic therapy were randomly allocated to 3 treatment groups and used the following dentifrices: (A) control group, n = 27, used sodium fluoride; (B) ...

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  Adjunctive cavity disinfection

The Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) approach was developed to enable practitioners in countries with limited oral health care systems to provide preventive and restorative dental care. It has also been shown to be cost-effective compared to traditional methods using amalgam and provides durable single-surface restorations in primary and permanent posterior teeth. Egypt has a particularly high prevalence and severity of dental caries among its younger population. The high number of caries is attributed to poor oral hygiene, minimal preventive care, financial barriers to the provision and receipt of care, poorly distributed oral healthcare personnel and dental equipment, and fear of the traditional restorative approaches. The ART approach was introduced in Egypt but because of resista...

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  Chlorhexidine urticaria: A rare occurrence with a common mouthwash

Sharma Anamika, Chopra HarneetIndian Journal of Dental Research 2009 20(3):377-379Chlorhexidine is a widely used antiseptic and disinfectant in medical and nonmedical environments. Compared to its ubiquitous use, allergic contact dermatitis from chlorhexidine has rarely been reported and so its sensitization rate seems to be low. The prevalence of contact urticaria and anaphylaxis due to chlorhexidine remains to be unknown. This case report presents a case of urticaria due to oral use of chlorhexidine. The adverse reaction was confirmed by skin prick test. (Source: Table of Contents : Indian Journal of Dental Research : 2006 - 17(3))

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  Antimicrobial effect of MTAD, Tetraclean, Cloreximid, and sodium hypochlorite on three common endodontic pathogens

Conclusion:</b> 5.25% NaOCl showed a high antimicrobial activity against anaerobic bacteria. MTAD and Tetraclean showed a high action against both, strictly anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria. Chlorexidine + Cetrimide (Cloreximid) showed the lowest antibacterial activity against both, facultative and strictly anaerobic bacteria tested. (Source: Table of Contents : Indian Journal of Dental Research : 2006 - 17(3))

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  Treatment With Voriconazole in 3 Eyes With Resistant Acanthamoeba Keratitis

Conclusions: We report the use of topical and intrastromal voriconazole in successfully treating AK in cases of chlorhexidine- and hexamidine-resistant Acanthamoeba. Voriconazole may be a promising adjuvant agent in treating AK. (Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology)

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  Burns (minor thermal)

New evidence; conclusion confirmed for: Alginate dressing One systematic review added (search date 2008), which found no RCTs that met Clinical Evidence inclusion criteria. Categorisation unchanged (Unknown effectiveness). Chlorhexidine-impregnated paraffin gauze dressing One systematic review added (search date 2008), which did not pool data, and found no additional RCTs to those previously reported in this Clinical Evidence review. Categorisation unchanged (Unknown effectiveness). Foam dressing One systematic review added (search date 2008),which found no RCTs. Categorisation unchanged (Unknown effectiveness). Hydrocolloid dressing One systematic review added (search date 2008), which did not pool data and fo...

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  In vitro evaluation of effect of various endodontic solutions on selected physical properties of white mineral trioxide aggregate

During endodontic therapy various irrigating solutions at different concentrations and duration are used. These chemical solutions may affect the setting reaction of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (5.25%), chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) (2%), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution (17%) and BioPure MTAD on surface micro-hardness and flexural strength of white MTA. Twenty-five disk-shaped and 25 bar-shaped specimens were divided into five groups and were stored under distilled water, NaOCl (5.25%), chlorhexidine CHX (2%), EDTA solution (17%) and BioPure MTAD for 7 days. The micro-hardness of disk specimens was measured while the flexural strength was tested on bar specimens. EDTA and BioPure MTAD sign...

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  Chlorhexidine Vaginal and Infant Wipes May Not Prevent Neonatal Sepsis

In a randomized trial, use of vaginal and infant wipes soaked in chlorhexidine did not prevent neonatal sepsis or mother-infant transmission of pathogenic bacteria. Medscape Medical News (Source: Medscape Today Headlines)

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  Impact of 4.0% chlorhexidine cleansing of the umbilical cord on mortality and omphalitis among newborns of Sylhet, Bangladesh: design of a community-based cluster randomized trial

DiscussionDue to report in early 2010, the Projahnmo Chlorhexidine Study examines the impact of multiple or single chlorhexidine cleansing of the cord on neonatal mortality and omphalitis among newborns of rural Sylhet District, Bangladesh. The results of this trial will be interpreted in conjunction with a similarly designed trial previously conducted in Nepal, and will have implications for policy guidelines for optimal cord care of newborns in low resource settings in Asia. (Source: BMC Pediatrics - Latest articles)

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  Effect of Microbicidal Wipes on Neonatal Sepsis Assessed

Chlorhexidine vaginal and neonatal wipes are ineffective in preventing sepsis and bacterial colonization of newborns, according to a study published online Oct. 20 in The Lancet. (Source: Modern Medicine)

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  An Examination of the Advances in Science and Technology of Prevention of Tooth Decay in Young Children Since the Surgeon General's Report on Oral Health

This paper addresses a number of areas related to how effectively science and technology have met Healthy People 2010 goals for tooth decay prevention. In every area mentioned, it appears that science and technology are falling short of these goals. Earlier assessments identified water fluoridation as one of the greatest public health accomplishments of the last century. Yet, failure to complete needed clinical and translational research has shortchanged the caries prevention agenda at a critical juncture.Science has firmly established the transmissible nature of tooth decay. However, there is evidence that tooth decay in young children is increasing, although progress has been made in other age groups. Studies of risk assessment have not been translated into improved practice. Antiseptics...

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  Patients with Long-term Oral Carriage Harbor High-persister Mutants of C. albicans.

This study suggests persister cells are clinically relevant, and antimicrobial therapy selects for high persister strains in vivo. Drug tolerance of persisters may be a critical, but overlooked component responsible for antimicrobial drug failure and relapsing infections. PMID: 19841146 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy)

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  Antimicrobial agents used in the control of periodontal biofilms: effective adjuncts to mechanical plaque control?

The control of biofilm accumulation on teeth has been the cornerstone of periodontal disease prevention for decades. However, the widespread prevalence of gingivitis suggests the inefficiency of self-performed mechanical plaque control in preventing gingival inflammation. This is particularly relevant in light of recent evidence suggesting that long standing gingivitis increases the risk of loss of attachment and that prevention of gingival inflammation might reduce the prevalence of mild to moderate periodontitis. Several antimicrobials have been tested as adjuncts to mechanical plaque control in order to improve the results obtained with oral home care. Recent studies, including meta-analyses, have indicated that home care products containing chemical antimicrobials can provide gingiviti...

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  Skin disinfection methods: prospective evaluation and postimplementation results.

CONCLUSION: In this study, isopropyl alcohol and chlorhexidine disinfectants were more efficacious than isopropyl alcohol and iodine. There was no difference in efficacy between one-step and two-step procedures or between methods of application. A one-step chlorhexidine and isopropyl alcohol kit has been successfully implemented at CBS. PMID: 19821950 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Transfusion)

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  Antimicrobial central venous catheters in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Source: DARE Area: Evidence > Disease Focused Reviews CRD Summary: This review assessed the efficacy of antimicrobial central venous catheters in adults, concluding that chlorhexidine-silver sulfadiazine or minocycline-rifampicin central venous catheters can be considered when the baseline incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infections is above institutional goals. The authors' conclusions reflect the limitations of the evidence and are likely to be reliable. CRD Commentary: This review addressed a clear question and undertook a thorough search for studies with no language restrictions. No evidence of publication bias was detected. Appropriate methods were used to minimise reviewer error and bias during the review process. Only RCTs were included and the validity of the included t...

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  Pilot trial to compare tolerance of chlorhexidine gluconate to povidone-iodine antisepsis for central venous catheter placement in neonates

Authors: J S Garland, C P Alex, M R Uhing, I E Peterside, A Rentz & M C Harris (Source: Journal of Perinatology)

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  Prevention of Bloodstream Infections by Use of Daily Chlorhexidine Baths for Patients at a Long‐Term Acute Care Hospital • 

Conclusion. Daily chlorhexidine baths appeared to be an effective intervention to reduce rates of CVC‐associated BSI in an LTACH. (Source: Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol Latest Issue)

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  The Effect of Daily Bathing With Chlorhexidine on the Acquisition of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus, and Healthcare-Associated Bloodstream Infections: Results of a Quasi-Experimental Multicenter Trial

Investigators sought to determine whether daily chlorhexidine bathing decreases the incidence of colonization and BSI because of MRSA and VRE among ICU patients. Critical Care Medicine (Source: Medscape Today Headlines)

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  Study Shows DuraPrep Solution May Be Superior To Chlorhexidine In Preventing Surgical-Site Infections

3M Health Care today announced the publication of a new independent study "Effects of Preoperative Skin Preparation on Postoperative Wound Infection Rates: A Prospective Study of 3 Skin Preparation Protocols," that compared the effects of three different skin preparation solutions on surgical-site infections. (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

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  Mechanisms of the inhibition of endplate acetylcholine receptors by antiseptic chlorhexidine (experiments and models)

Abstract  Mechanisms of the inhibition of evoked multiquantal endplate currents (EPC) by chlorhexidine (CHX) were studied in electrophysiological experiments and by mathematical modeling to discriminate between possible channel, receptor, and non-receptor effects of this common antiseptic drug. Experiments were carried out on the isolated neuromuscular preparation of the cut m. sartorius of the frog Rana ridibunda. The nerve-stimulation-evoked endplate currents were measured by standard double microelectrode technique. For the mathematical simulation, a method based on the solution of a system of ordinary differential equations was used. CHX in milimolar concentrations suppressed the amplitude and shortened the evoked EPC. Recovery of the EPC amplitude was very slow, and EPC...

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  Study of DuraPrep versus chlorhexidine

(WeissComm Partners) A new independent study found that Iodophor-based skin preparation solutions may be superior to chlorhexidine in preventing surgical-site infections. (Source: EurekAlert! - Medicine and Health)

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  Correct use of chlorhexidine in intravenous practice.

This article reviews the routes by which microorganisms may contaminate vascular access devices, and examines the role of chlorhexidine in the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections. Chlorhexidine-based cleansing products for use in intravenous therapy are reviewed and their correct use is discussed, with reference to clinical guidelines. PMID: 19911612 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Nursing Standard)

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  FIGHT BAC (Chlorhexidine Gluconate) Aerosol [Deep Valley Farm, Inc.]

Updated Date: Oct 2, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Transdentinal cytotoxic effects of different concentrations of chlorhexidine gel applied on acid-conditioned dentin substrate.

Authors: Lessa FC, Nogueira I, Huck C, Hebling J, de Souza Costa CA It has been demonstrated that chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) is capable of eliminating bacteria that may remain lodged in dentin after mechanical caries removal. In addition, the use of CHX on acid-etched dentin before adhesive system application delays the resin-dentin interface degradation, maintaining the integrity of the adhesive restorations. Despite these advantages of using CHX in restorative dentistry, when applied on dentin, this chemical agent may diffuse across dentinal tubules to cause toxic effects to the pulp cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the transdentinal cytotoxic effects caused by different concentrations of CHX gels applied on acid-conditioned dentin substrate. Dentin discs (0.2-mm and...

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  Efficacy of multifaceted interventions in reducing complications of peripherally inserted central catheter in adult oncology patients

Conclusions  The results suggest that these interventions implemented in this study may be help in reducing complications of PICC in adult oncology patients. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00520-009-0747-7Authors Geng Tian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Department of Tumor, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital 3002 Sungang West Road Shenzhen 518035 People’s Republic of ChinaYan Zhu, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Department of Tumor, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital 3002 Sungang West Road Shenzhen 518035 People’s Republic of ChinaLi Qi, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Department of Tumor, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital 3002 Sungang West Road Shenzhen 518035 Pe...

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  Intravascular catheter dressings with chlorhexidine-impregnated sponges reduced infections in the ICU [Treatment]

(Source: Evidence-Based Nursing)

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  The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of central venous catheters treated with anti-infective agents in preventing bloodstream infections: a systematic review and economic evaluation

Source: DARE Area: Evidence > Disease Focused Reviews CRD Summary: This well-conducted review assessed the use of central venous catheters treated with anti-infective agents (AI-CVCs) in preventing catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI). The authors concluded that use of AI-CVCs reduced CRBSI rates for durations of five to 12 days and greater than 20 days with femoral or jugular vein insertion. The conclusions were likely to be reliable. [The treating agents used were chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine (CHSS), silver impregnation, benzalkonium chloride impregnation, minocycline rifampin, miconazole and rifampicin or silver carbon and platinum.] CRD Commentary: The review question and inclusion criteria were clear. The search was reasonably extensive and the lack of language...

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  [Treatment] Intravascular catheter dressings with chlorhexidine-impregnated sponges reduced infections in the ICU

(Source: Evidence-Based Nursing)

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  Antibacterial Efficacy of MTAD Final Rinse and Two Percent Chlorhexidine Gel Medication in Teeth with Apical Periodontitis: A Randomized Double-blinded Clinical Trial

Conclusions: The final rinse with MTAD and medication with CHX did not reduce bacterial counts beyond levels achieved by canal preparation with NaOCl. (Source: Journal of Endodontics)

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  Influence of chlorhexidine digluconate concentration and application time on resin–dentin bond strength durability

This study evaluated the effects of different concentrations of chlorhexidine digluconate and different application times on the preservation of resin[ndash]dentin bonds formed using two etch-and-rinse adhesives. In experiment 1, after acid etching, the occlusal demineralized dentin was rewetted either with water or with 0.002, 0.02, 0.2, 2, or 4% chlorhexidine for 60 s. In experiment 2, the surfaces were rewetted with water, or with 0.002% or 2% chlorhexidine for 15 or 60 s. After this, both adhesives and composite resin were applied and light-cured. Bonded sticks (0.8 mm2) were tested under tension (0.5 mm min[minus]1) immediately or after 6 months of storage in water. Two bonded sticks from each tooth were immersed in silver nitrate and analyzed quantitatively using scanning electron mi...

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  The evaluation of a biodegradable dental chip containing chlorhexidine in chitosan base as a targeted drug delivery in the management of chronic periodontitis in patients

No Abstract (Source: Drug Development Research)

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  Prevention of Bloodstream Infections by Use of Daily Chlorhexidine Baths for Patients at a Long‐Term Acute Care Hospital

Conclusion. Daily chlorhexidine baths appeared to be an effective intervention to reduce rates of CVC‐associated BSI in an LTACH. (Source: Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol Latest Issue)

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  Effect of topical treatments on irritant hand dermatitis in health care workers

Conclusion: Reduction in erythema suggests that frequent use of cream A may mitigate the damaging effects of repetitive hand hygiene and allow the skin to recover. Intensive treatment of HCW ICD may be required to counteract the skin compromise and minimize the negative impact on infection control. (Source: American Journal of Infection Control)

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  Mutational up-regulation of an RND-type multidrug efflux pump, SdeAB, upon exposure to a biocide, cetylpyridinium chloride, and antibiotic resistance in Serratia marcescens.

Authors: Maseda H, Hashida Y, Konaka R, Shirai A, Kourai H Serratia marescens is an important opportunistic pathogen in hospitals, where quaternary ammonium compounds are often used for disinfection. The aim of this study is to elucidate the effect of a biocide on the emergence of biocide-antibiotic resistant mutants and to characterize the molecular mechanism of biocide resistance in Serratia marcescens. A quaternary ammonium compound-resistant strain, CRes01, was selected by exposing a wild-type strain of S. marcescens to cetylpyridinium chloride. The CRes01 cells exhibited two-to-sixteen fold more resistance to biocides and antibiotics including cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine gluconate, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline and chloramphenicol and showed inc...

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  Subcutaneous tissue response of isogenic mice to calcium hydroxide-based pastes with chlorhexidine.

In conclusion, the Calen paste mixed with 0.4% CHX allowed an adequate tissue response, whereas the UltraCal paste mixed with 2% CHX showed unsatisfactory results. PMID: 19738940 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Braz Dent J)

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  Four cases of anaphylaxis to chlorhexidine impregnated central venous catheters: a case cluster or the tip of the iceberg?

(Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia)

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  Effect of Cinnamon Oil on icaA Expression and Biofilm Formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis.

In this study the effect of cinnamon oil on planktonic and biofilm cultures of clinical S. epidermidis isolates was evaluated. Initially, susceptibility to cinnamon oil in planktonic cultures was compared to commonly-used antimicrobial agents: chlorhexidine, triclosan and gentamicin. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cinnamon oil, defined as the lowest concentration able to inhibit visible microbial growth, and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), the lowest concentration required to kill 99,9 % of the bacteria were determined using the microbroth dilution method and plating on agar. A chequerboard assay was used to evaluate a possible synergy between cinnamon oil and the other antimicrobial agents. The effect of cinnamon oil on biofilm growth was studied in 96 wells p...

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  Effectiveness of Oral Rinse with Chlorhexidine in Preventing Nosocomial Respiratory Tract Infections among Intensive Care Unit Patients • 

Conclusion. Oral application of a 0.12% solution of chlorhexidine does not prevent respiratory tract infections among ICU patients, although it may retard their onset. (Source: Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol Latest Issue)

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  Effects of Preoperative Skin Preparation on Postoperative Wound Infection Rates: A Prospective Study of 3 Skin Preparation Protocols • 

Conclusions. Skin preparation solution is an important factor in the prevention of surgical‐site infections. Iodophor‐based compounds may be superior to chlorhexidine for this purpose in general surgery patients. (Source: Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol Latest Issue)

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  Effectiveness of Routine Patient Cleansing with Chlorhexidine Gluconate for Infection Prevention in the Medical Intensive Care Unit • 

Conclusions. In our analysis of real‐world practice, daily bathing of MICU patients with CHG was effective at reducing rates of CVC‐associated BSI and blood culture contamination. Controlled studies are needed to determine whether these beneficial effects extend outside the MICU. (Source: Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol Latest Issue)

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  In vitro activity of chlorhexidine and pentane-1,5-diol and their combination on Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes.

Authors: Karami N, Alsterholm M, Faergemann J PMID: 19734980 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Acta Derm Venereol A...)

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  Surgical Scrub Solution: Chlorhexidine Bathing Is Cheap And Effective Means Of Protecting Patients From Superbugs

Giving critically ill hospital patients a daily bath with a mild, soapy solution of the same antibacterial agent used by surgeons to "scrub in" before an operation can dramatically cut down, by as much as 73 percent, the number of patients who develop potentially deadly bloodstream infections, according to a new study by patient safety experts. (Source: ScienceDaily Headlines)

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  Alcohols for skin antisepsis at clinically relevant skin sites.

Authors: Reichel M, Heisig P, Kohlmann T, Kampf G The antiseptic efficacy of ethanol, isopropanol, and n-propanol at 60%, 70%, and 89.5% (all v/v) was analysed after 2, 3, or 4 min applications to the forehead, back, and abdomen, using a standardized swab sampling method in 180 volunteers. Recolonisation by the aerobic skin flora of the upper arms and backs of 20 volunteers was compared 72 h after treatment with 0.5%, 1%, or 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) in 89.5% n-propanol. The most effective alcohol was n-propanol at all skin sites, with a mean log10 reduction of 1.82 after 2 min on the forehead. The efficacy against the aerobic flora of the forehead was mainly influenced by the type of alcohol (P < 0.001), followed by the concentration (P < 0.001) and the application time...

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  Anti-bacterial bathing reduces 'superbugs'

BALTIMORE, Sept. 7 (UPI) -- Bathing hospital patients with a weak solution of chlorhexidine may help protect them against superbugs, U.S. researchers say. (Source: Health News - UPI.com)

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  Effects of Preoperative Skin Preparation on Postoperative Wound Infection Rates: A Prospective Study of 3 Skin Preparation Protocols

Conclusions. Skin preparation solution is an important factor in the prevention of surgical‐site infections. Iodophor‐based compounds may be superior to chlorhexidine for this purpose in general surgery patients. (Source: Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol Latest Issue)

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  Chlorhexidine and green tea extract reduce dentin erosion and abrasion in situ

Abstract: Objectives: This in situ/ex vivo study aimed to analyse the impact of possible MMP-inhibitors (chlorhexidine and green tea extract) on dentin wear induced by erosion or erosion plus abrasion.Methods: Twelve volunteers took part in this cross-over and double-blind study performed in 4 phases of each 5 days. Bovine dentin samples were worn in palatal appliances and subjected to extraoral erosion (4 times/day, Coca-Cola, 5min) or erosion plus abrasion (2 times/day, fluoride-free toothpaste and electrical toothbrush, 15s/sample). Immediately after each erosion, the appliances were reinserted in the mouth and the oral cavity was rinsed for 60s with: 250ppm F solution (SnF2/AmF, pH 4.5, Meridol-Gaba, Switzerland), 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate (0.06% chlorhexidine, pH 6.0, Periogard-...

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  Effect of antifungal gels incorporated into a tissue conditioning material on the growth of Candida albicans

Conclusion: Miconazole added in gel form to Visco-gel® had an inhibitory effect on the growth of C. albicans in vitro. (Source: Gerodontology)

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  Oropharyngeal decontamination in intensive care patients: less is not more

Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common cause of morbidity, antibiotic use, increased length of stay and, possibly, increased mortality in ICU-patients. Colonization of the oropharyngeal cavity with potentially pathogenic micro-organisms is instrumental in the pathogenesis of VAP, and oropharyngeal decontamination with antibiotics (AB-SOD) or antiseptics, such as Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX-SOD), has been associated with reduced incidences of VAP. In this issue of Critical Care Scannapieco et al investigated differences in oropharyngeal colonization between mechanically ventilated patients receiving oropharyngeal decontamination with 0.12% Chlorhexidine gluconate either once- or twice- daily compared to placebo.1 CHX-SOD was associated with a reduction in Staphylococcus aureus c...

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  Abstracts from the Special Care Dentistry 21st Annual Meeting can be accessed in the electronic version of this issue at interscience.wiley.com

This study's purpose was to note trends in the prevalence of oral manifestations of HIV and assess variations in the dental care of adults with HIV given the current use of antiretroviral therapy in both the industrialized world and developing nations. A comprehensive review of the English literature was completed on the incidence and prevalence of oral diseases and the types of dental services that provided comprehensive oral care to patients who have been HIV positive since 1980. The study concluded that significant and similar disparities exist in the use of dental health services for both patients with HIV and the general population. With the use of HAART, the incidence of oral mucosal lesions is also being reduced. In this presentation, attendees will learn what effect the existing me...

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  Painless Acanthamoeba keratitis in a soft contact lens wearer--case report.

In conclusion, even in a lack of typical symptom for Acanthamoeba keratitis such as pain, this amoeba should be ruled out especially in a soft contact lens wearer. PMID: 19860131 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Collegium Antropologicum)

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  Contemporary Root Canal Irrigants Are Able to Disrupt and Eradicate Single- and Dual-Species Biofilms

Conclusions: Biofilm disruption and cell viability were influenced by the species, their coassociation in dual-species biofilms, the test agent, and the duration of exposure. The effectiveness of NaOCl as an endodontic irrigant was reinforced. (Source: Journal of Endodontics)

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  Antibacterial Effect of Experimental Chlorhexidine-releasing Polymethyl Methacrylate–based Root Canal Sealers

Conclusion: The incorporation of 2wt% and 3wt% chlorhexidine in the PMMA-based sealer had a long lasing antimicrobial effect against Enterococcus faecalis as a result of the turbidimetric determination of bacterial growth. (Source: Journal of Endodontics)

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  Using Diazotization to Characterize the Effect of Heat or Sodium Hypochlorite on 2.0% Chlorhexidine

Conclusions: Further investigations of the precipitate should address the bioavailability of PCA leaching out from dentin and its cytotoxicity. Until the precipitate is studied further, it would appear prudent to minimize its formation. (Source: Journal of Endodontics)

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  Ventilator-associated pneumonia and oral care: A successful quality improvement project

Conclusion: The use of an oral care protocol intervention and ventilator bundle led to an 89.7% reduction in the VAP rate in mechanically ventilated patients from 2004 to 2007. (Source: American Journal of Infection Control)

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