MedWorm: Cephalexin

  GeoPharma Announces the Acceptability of Their Largo Cephalosporin Plant

LARGO, Fla., March 2, 2010 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- GeoPharma, Inc. (Nasdaq:GORX) (the "Company") announced today that the FDA Office of Compliance has completed the evaluation of its Largo, Florida manufacturing facility dedicated to the production of Cephalosporin antibiotics and has indicated, based on the adequacy of the Company's written response, that it is acceptable to manufacture upon FDA approval of its Cephalexin ANDA. (Source: Medical News (via PRIMEZONE))

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  Effect of ethnomedicinal plants used in folklore medicine in Jordan as antibiotic resistant inhibitors on Escherichia coli

Conclusion: This study probably suggests possibility of concurrent use of these antibiotics and plant extracts in treating infections caused by E.coli or at least the concomitant administration may not impair the antimicrobial activity of these antibiotics. (Source: BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine)

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  Heterologous expression of leader-less pga gene in Pichia pastoris: intracellular production of prokaryotic enzyme

Conclusions: Presented results provide useful data regarding fermentation strategy, intracellular biosynthetic potential, and consequences of the heterologous expression of PGAEc in P. pastoris X-33. Aberrant processing of the precursor of PGAEc in the cytosol yielded the mature enzyme with modified traits. (Source: BMC Biotechnology - Latest articles)

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  Retapamulin: What is the Role of this Topical Antimicrobial in the Treatment of Bacterial Infections in Atopic Dermatitis?

Authors: Moody MN, Morrison LK, Tyring SK In atopic dermatitis (AD), the stratum corneum of patients appears to have alterations that predispose them to colonization and invasion by various bacteria, most notably Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). This bacterial co-existence is accepted to be an important factor in AD disease activity. Exactly when to initiate antimicrobial treatment is controversial, but such intervention, when warranted, has repeatedly been demonstrated to improve the course of AD. However, the increase in antibiotic resistance presents a therapeutic challenge in the management of AD patients, which highlights the need for novel mechanism topical antibacterial agents. Retapamulin is a relatively new pleuromutilin antibiotic designed for topical use. In vitro studies ...

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  Empiric Antibiotics for Acute Infections of the Hand

A 40-year-old right-handed man employed as a laborer presents with a 7-day history of progressive pain, erythema, and swelling over the volar surface of the index finger. On history taking, the patient notes incurring a small superficial laceration over the same area of his finger 10 days previously. He was given a prescription for cephalexin and discharged home. He returned 3 days later with worsening symptoms including swelling, fluctuance, and tenderness with manipulation of the finger. He had incision and drainage, and intraoperative cultures were identified to be methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). (Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery)

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  Effects of Acanthopanax senticosus HARMS extract on drug transport in human intestinal cell line Caco-2

In this study, we investigated the effect of AS extract on intestinal drug transporter (P-glycoprotein, or P-gp) and peptide transporter activities in Caco-2 cells. Caco-2 cells were cultured on a culture dish and a permeable membrane for 1–3 weeks. The apical-to-basolateral (A-to-B) transport of digoxin, a P-gp substrate, was significantly increased by the addition of AS extract in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, the A-to-B transport of cephalexin, a peptide transporter substrate, was significantly decreased by the addition of AS extract in the same manner. The effects of AS extract addition on the kinetics of the uptake of rhodamine 123, a P-gp substrate, and Gly-Sar, a peptide transporter substrate, were investigated. V max for rhodamine 123 uptake was signi...

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  The effect of wellsolve, a novel solubilizing agent, on the intestinal barrier function and intestinal absorption of griseofulvin in rats.

Authors: Hamid KA, Lin Y, Gao Y, Katsumi H, Sakane T, Yamamoto A The effect of Wellsolve, a new solubilizing agent, on the function of intestinal membrane barrier and transporters including P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and peptide transporter (PEPT1) was examined by an in vitro diffusion chamber and an in situ closed loop method. The model drugs used in this study were 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF), rhodamine123 (a P-glycoprotein substrate), cephalexin (a typical substrate for PEPT1) and griseofulvin (a BCS Class II drug). Intestinal absorption of CF was not affected by the addition of 1-10% (v/v) Wellsolve, while 20% (v/v) Wellsolve significantly enhanced its intestinal absorption by the in situ absorption study. Therefore, this finding suggested that high concentration of Wellsolve might alt...

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  Resistance pattern of breakthrough urinary tract infections in children on antibiotic prophylaxis

In conclusion, the resistance pattern of organisms causing breakthrough UTIs varies with the choice of prophylaxis which should be taken into consideration in chosing empiric therapy for such infections. (Source: Journal of Infection and Public Health)

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  Mycobacterium marinum Granuloma in a Fisherman

While fishing in the Chesapeake Bay, an 81-year-old man slipped and fell into the water. Afterward, he noticed a superficial abrasion over his right knee. During the next 10 days, red bumps, pustules, and slight tenderness developed. He was treated empirically with mupirocin ointment, amoxicillin/clavulanate and subsequently with cephalexin. However, new papular lesions continued to develop adjacent to the area of involvement, which showed no signs of healing. (Source: Consultant Live)

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  How to Stay Sharp as a Tack

(NaturalNews) A few days ago a song got stuck in my head- the slow, haunting violin melody that set the mood in the movie Platoon. But I couldn't recall who wrote it, and it bugged me. Later, when I wasn't thinking about it, I suddenly remembered it was Samuel Barber's Adagio for Strings.We all have episodes like this. We forget names and misplace things. We lose our train of thought, and we walk into rooms with no recollection of why we went there in the first place. This is normal human behavior. Now, forgetting a close family member's name, constantly repeating yourself, or getting lost in familiar places is another issue. Still, even run-of-the-mill memory lapses can be disconcerting, especially if you're older. You may wonder, "Am I losing it? Is Alzheimer's just around the corner?"It...

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  CEPHALEXINsuspension CEPHALEXIN (Cephalexin) Suspension [West-Ward Pharmaceutical Corp]

Updated Date: Sep 30, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria: Novel Metalloenzyme Inhibitors

[beta]-Lactam antibiotics are among the most important drugs used to fight bacterial infection. Overuse and misuse of [beta]-lactam antibiotics has caused the evolution of resistance mechanisms, allowing pathogenic bacteria to survive antibiotic treatment. The major source of resistance to [beta]-lactam antibiotics occurs through production of enzymes called [beta]-lactamases capable of catalyzing hydrolysis of the [beta]-lactam rings in these drug compounds. The metallo-[beta]-lactamases have become a major threat due to their broad substrate specificities; there are no clinically useful inhibitors for these metalloenzymes. We have obtained single-stranded DNA's that are potent inhibitors of the Bacillus cereus 5/B/6 metallo-[beta]-lactamase. These are rapid, reversible, non-competitive i...

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  Marked hydronephrosis and hydroureter after distigmine therapy in an adult male patient with paraplegia due to spinal cord injury: a case report

Conclusion: Distigmine therapy resulted in marked bilateral hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Persistence of hydronephrosis after omitting distigmine, and presence of residual urine in bladder over many years probably predisposed to formation of polypoid cystitis and follicular cystitis, and contributed to prolonged haematuria, which occurred after an episode of urine infection. This case illustrates the dangers of prescribing distigmine to promote spontaneous voiding in spinal cord injury patients. Instead of using distigmine, spinal cord injury patients should be advised to consider intermittent catheterisation together with oxybutynin or propiverine to achieve complete, low-pressure emptying of urinary bladder. (Source: Cases Journal)

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  Direct Evidence for Efficient Transport and Minimal Metabolism of L-Cephalexin by Oligopeptide Transporter 1 in Budded Baculovirus Fraction.

Authors: Mitsuoka K, Tamai I, Morohashi Y, Kubo Y, Saitoh R, Tsuji A, Kato Y The oligopeptide transporter PEPT1 (SLC15A1) is responsible for absorption of peptidic nutrients in the small intestine. Although the L-diastereomer of the beta-lactam antibiotic cephalexin (L-cephalexin) is likely to be transported by PEPT1, there has been no direct demonstration of PEPT1-mediated L-cephalexin transport. Indeed, after the incubation with L-cephalexin, the intact form of L-cephalexin has not been identified inside vesicles/proteoliposomes prepared from brush border membrane of intestinal epithelial cells or cultured cell lines exogenously transfected with PEPT1 gene. Thus, it appears that L-cephalexin is rapidly metabolized by PEPT1 or PEPT1-associated proteins. Here, we attempted to verify wh...

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  I PREVENT Bacterial Resistance. An Update on the Use of Antibiotics in Dermatologic Surgery

Prophylaxis may be given to prevent a surgical wound infection, infective endocarditis (IE), or infection of a prosthetic joint, but its use before cutaneous surgery is controversial. Our aim was to review the current literature and provide a mnemonic to assist providers in appropriately prescribing prophylactic antibiotics. We reviewed the current literature, including the new guidelines provided by the American Heart Association (AHA). The new AHA guidelines recommend prophylaxis for patients with high risk of an adverse outcome from IE instead of high risk of developing IE. The American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons and the American Dental Association also provide guidelines. Given the paucity of conclusive studies, prophylaxis against a surgical wound infection is based more on clinic...

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  Disseminated histoplasmosis with colonic ulcers in a patient receiving infliximab

A 76-year-old woman was admitted after sustaining a fall. After further questioning, she noted some painful erythema of the left upper extremity that had been present for several months, despite a recent course of cephalexin. The patient had a history of rheumatoid arthritis that was being treated with methotrexate; however, she had recently, approximately 3 months earlier, started therapy with infliximab. On admission, the patient was febrile and tachycardic. Physical examination revealed painful erythema over the left hand, wrist, and forearm. A routine complete blood count revealed 10,900 leukocytes per cubic millimeter (normal 4.5-11 leukocytes/mm3), with 95% neutrophils. On admission, blood cultures were obtained and intravenous antibiotics were started. The patient's condition deteri...

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  Research of urinary tract infections in family medicine physicians' offices--empiric antimicrobial therapy of urinary tract infections--Croatian experience.

Authors: Skerk V, Skerk V, Jaksić J, Lakos AK, Matrapazovski M, Maleković G, Andrasević AT, Radoaević V, Markotić A, Begovac J In the period between October 1st and November 30th, 2006, we investigated a total of 3188 episodes of UTI (802 among males; 2386 among females) recorded in 108 family medicine offices in 20 cities in Croatia. The most common UTIs in women were acute uncomplicated cystitis (62%), complicated UTIs - cystitis and pyelonephritis (14%), urethritis (9%), acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis (6%), recurrent cystitis (5%), asymptomatic bacteriuria (3%) and recurrent pyelonephritis. The most common UTIs in men were complicated UTIs - cystitis and pyelonephritis (48%), urethritis (25%), prostatitis (24%) and asymptomatic bacteriuria (3%). Eti...

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  A new semi-selective medium for the isolation of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae, the etiological agent of anthurium bacterial blight

Conclusion: Growth of the anthurium blight pathogen was better on NCTM4 and ET media than on CS. NCTM4 provided a better repeatability. It also displayed a lower rate of false positive and false negative results when the pathogen was isolated from plant extracts.Significance and Impact of the Study: This study will lead to improved isolation protocols of the anthurium blight in official procedures. NCTM4 medium could also favourably be used in studies, which aim to further understanding of the biology and epidemiology of this pathogen. (Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology)

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  Cephalexin Residue Detection in Milk and Beef by ELISA and Colloidal Gold Based One-Step Strip Assay

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Volume 0, Issue 0, Articles ASAP (As Soon As Publishable). (Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry)

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  Measurement and Modeling Process Partitioning of Cephalexin Antibiotic in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems Containing Poly(ethylene glycol) 4000, 10000 and K2HPO4, Na3Citrate

Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, Volume 0, Issue 0, Articles ASAP (As Soon As Publishable). (Source: Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data)

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  Antibiotic Selection for Purulent Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections in Ambulatory Care: A Decision-Analytic Approach

Objective: Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has caused a nationwide epidemic of skin and soft-tissue infections in ambulatory pediatrics. Antibiotic treatment recommendations suggest incorporating local epidemiology for the prevalence of CA-MRSA. We sought to identify the antibiotic strategy with the highest probability of activity and to identify threshold values for epidemiologic variables including bacterial prevalence and antibiotic resistance.Methods: We used decision analysis to evaluate 3 empiric antibiotic strategies: clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (T/S), and cephalexin. We calculated the probability of activity against the bacteria causing the infection (CA-MRSA, methicillin-sensitive S. aureus and group A Streptococcus [GAS]) ...

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  A new biocatalyst: Penicillin G acylase immobilized in sol-gel micro-particles with magnetic properties.

Authors: Bernardino SM, Fernandes P, Fonseca LP The present work focuses on the development and basic characterization of a new magnetic biocatalyst, namely penicillin G acylase (PGA), immobilized in sol-gel matrices with magnetic properties, ultimately aimed for application in cephalexin (CEX) synthesis. A mechanically stable carrier, based on porous xerogels silica matrixes starting from tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), was prepared leading to micro-carriers with medium sized particles of 30 microm, as determined by scanning electron microscopy. An immobilization yield of 95-100% and a recovered activity of 50-65% at 37 degrees C, as determined by penicillin G (PG) hydrolysis (pH STAT method), were observed. These results clearly exceed those reported in a previous work on PGA immobilizati...

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  Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Colonization in Atopic Dermatitis Decreases Disease Severity

CONCLUSIONS. Chronic use of dilute bleach baths with intermittent intranasal application of mupirocin ointment decreased the clinical severity of atopic dermatitis in patients with clinical signs of secondary bacterial infections. Patients with atopic dermatitis do not seem to have increased susceptibility to infection or colonization with resistant strains of S aureus. (Source: PEDIATRICS)

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  Mechanism and implication of cephalosporin penetration into oropharyngeal mucosa

Abstract  The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism(s) by which oral cephalosporins penetrate into human oropharyngeal mucosa, and thus, the availability of sufficient concentrations at the site of infection. Two oral cephalosporin prototypes, cephalexin (first generation) and cefixime (third generation), were administered to five healthy subjects at two different visits with a 1-week washout period. Plasma and saliva samples were collected and drug concentrations were measured using an appropriate HPLC method. The maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) of cefixime and cephalexin were 2.97 ± 0.24 μg ml−1 and 77.65 ± 18.91 μg ml−1, respectively. These concentrations were associated with a maximum salivary concentration (CSmax) of 0.56 μg ml−1 for cefixime and...

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  Usefulness of antibiogram surveillance for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in outpatient pediatric populations

Abstract: We assessed the impact of distributing an outpatient age-specific methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) antibiogram on physician knowledge of MRSA prevalence and choice of empiric therapy. Questionnaires were given to 125 physicians at outpatient pediatric clinics in Monroe County, NY, before and after antibiogram distribution (response rates, 42% and 24%, respectively). The median physician-estimated MRSA prevalence (among S. aureus skin infections) was 15% before they received the antibiogram and 20% after. According to the antibiogram, the true 2005 prevalence was 25% among skin infections. When asked to select empiric therapy for a pediatric outpatient with a skin abscess, while assuming varying levels of MRSA prevalence, most selected cephalexin when the prevale...

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  Studies on the influence of esterase inhibitor to the pharmacokinetic profiles of oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate in rats using an improved LC/MS/MS method.

Authors: Chang Q, Chow MS, Zuo Z Oseltamivir (O), an ethyl ester prodrug of oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), is currently the drug of choice for avian influenza. Previous studies have found that the addition of esterase inhibitor can inhibit the metabolism of O to OC in plasma samples. The current study aims to evaluate the impact of dichlorvos on the rat plasma concentrations of O and OC and subsequent effect on their pharmacokinetics. The plasma samples of rats after oral administration of O were divided into two equal portions for treatment with/without dichlorvos. O and OC plasma concentrations were analyzed by a sensitive and specific LC/MS/MS method, using cephalexin as internal standard for both two analytes. The samples were extracted with an MCX cartridge and separated on a Nova-...

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  Expandase-like activity mediated cell-free conversion of ampicillin to cephalexin by Streptomyces sp. DRS I.

Authors: Thakur D, Roy MK, Bora TC Cell-free extracts of Streptomyces sp. DRS I converted ampicillin to cephalexin, presumably due to the activity of the enzyme, expandase. The extract was fractionated and characterized by colorimetric and chromatographic measurements coupled with disc-agar diffusion bioassay against an ampicillin-resistant, cephalexin-sensitive E. coli strain. Though expandase could not be identified, the presence of a hitherto unreported expandase in Streptomyces sp. DRS I is suggested. PMID: 19330490 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Biotechnology Letters)

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  Activity of ceftobiprole and other cephalosporins against extracellular and intracellular (THP-1 macrophages, keratinocytes) forms of Methicillin-Sensitive (MSSA) and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Authors: Lemaire S, Glupczynski Y, Duval V, Joris B, Tulkens PM, Van Bambeke F S. aureus is an opportunistic intracellular organism. Although poorly accumulating in eukaryotic cells, beta-lactams show activity against intracellular MSSA if exposure times and drug concentrations are sufficient. Intraphagocytic MRSA are susceptible to penicillins and carbapenems because acidic pH favors the acylation of PBP 2a by these beta-lactams through pH-induced conformational change. Ceftobiprole, showing almost similar in vitro activities against MRSA and MSSA in broth, was examined for intracellular activity (THP-1 macrophages, keratinocytes) against a panel of hospital-acquired and community-acquired MRSA (MICs: 0.5-2.0 mg/L at pH 7.4 and 0.25-1.0 mg/L at pH 5.5) vs. MSSA isolates, with measurem...

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  Efficacy of Amitraz plus Metaflumizone for the treatment of canine demodicosis associated with Malassezia pachydermatis

This case reports the efficacy of metaflumizone plus amitraz spot-on formulation (ProMeris Duo; Fort Dodge) against generalized demodectic mange. A two year-old male dog presented at clinical examination with poor general condition, diffused alopecia, crusted lesions, pruritus, skin scales and pustules. Demodex mites, Malassezia pachydermatis yeasts and bacteria were diagnosed. The dog was treated with cephalexin and topically with metaflumizone plus amitraz spot-on formulation at two weeks intervals until two consecutive skin scrapings resulted negative for mites. The number of adult mites statistically decreased at follow-up with a reduction of approximately 42 and 94% at +14 and +28 days post treatment (p.t.) respectively. Nymphs and larvae could not be detected from +28 day p.t. while ...

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  Rectal prolapse secondary to antibiotic-associated colitis in a dog

Abstract  Many animals with rectal prolapse have an antecedent history of dyschezia and tenesmus associated with colonic inflammatory disease. However, it seems that there are no reports of rectal prolapse concurrent with antibiotic-associated colitis in the veterinary literature. A 3-month-old male cross-bred dog presented with a history of recurrent episodes of rectal prolapse following the administration of oral cephalexin. The rectal prolapse was corrected surgically. Based on the dog's recent history of antibiotic use, the sudden onset of bloody diarrhoea, tenesmus and subsequent rectal prolapse, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea was considered as the primary cause of rectal prolapse in this case. Clostridium perfringens were isolated from a bacteriological stool culture....

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  Characteristics and clinical significance of bacterial colonization of ureteral double-J stents in children

Conclusion: Bacterial colonization is not uncommon in double-J stents retained for several weeks after pyeloplasty, but is usually not clinically significant. Enterococcus is the most frequent pathogen. (Source: Journal of Pediatric Urology)

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  Development and validation of an immunochromatographic assay for rapid multi-residues detection of cephems in milk.

In conclusion, the method was rapid and accurate for the multi-residue detection of cephems in milk. PMID: 19154821 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Analytica Chimica Acta)

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  Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of a novel cephalexin oral paste formulation in fed and fasted dogs

(Source: Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics)

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  Wegmans Food Markets To Offer No-Cost Generic Antibiotics Through March

Wegmans Food Markets starting on Wednesday will fill generic oral antibiotics, such as amoxicillin and cephalexin, at no cost through March 31, the Baltimore Sun reports (Walker, Baltimore Sun, 1/7). (Source: Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses News From Medical News Today)

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  Wegmans Food Markets To Offer No-Cost Generic Antibiotics Through March

Wegmans Food Markets starting on Wednesday will fill generic oral antibiotics, such as amoxicillin and cephalexin, at no cost through March 31, the Baltimore Sun reports (Walker, Baltimore Sun, 1/7). The program will run at all of the chain's 72 stores nationwide and will cover up to a 14-day supply of nine generic antibiotics that otherwise would cost between $8.99 and $13.99 without insurance. Colleen Wegman, president of Wegmans, said the company might offer the benefits permanently if the program is successful over the next three months. Wegman estimated that the program would save consumers about $1 million (Wang, Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, 1/7). Giant Food stores and stores of its sister chain Stop & Shop last week began offering no-cost generic antibiotics to customers with p...

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  Management of vagal nerve stimulator infections: do they need to be removed?

Conclusions This study confirms the low rate of infection associated with VNS placement and suggests that, in the case of infection, treatment without removal is a viable option. However, the authors' data suggest that oral antibiotics are not the best first-line therapy. PMID: 19119910 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics)

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  Management of vagal nerve stimulator infections: do they need to be removed. Clinical article?

CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the low rate of infection associated with VNS placement and suggests that, in the case of infection, treatment without removal is a viable option. However, the authors' data suggest that oral antibiotics are not the best first-line therapy. PMID: 19119910 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics)

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  Preparation and characterization of cephalexin loaded PLGA microspheres.

Authors: Chaisri W, Hennink WE, Okonogi S The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of emulsion type and process parameters on the properties of CPX-loaded PLGA microspheres in order to obtain delivery systems suitable for the treatment of dairy mastitis. The microsphere size was analyzed by photon correlation spectrophotometry. Determination of the drug loading was achieved by HPLC. It was found that CPX-loaded PLGA microspheres prepared using a w/o/w double emulsion technology were slightly larger (approximately 3-5 microm) but much higher in drug content (approximately 18% w/w) than those obtained using o/w single emulsion preparation technology (average size was 2 microm, encapsulation efficiency was less than 2 %). It was also demonstrated that stirring during emulsificati...

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  Kinetic spectrofluorimetric determination of certain cephalosporins in human plasma.

Authors: Omar MA, Abdelmageed OH, Attia TZ An accurate, reliable, specific and sensitive kinetic spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of seven cephalosporin antibiotics namely cefotaxime sodium, cephapirin sodium, cephradine dihydrate, cephalexin monohydrate, cefazoline sodium, ceftriaxone sodium and cefuroxime sodium. The method is based on their degradation under an alkaline condition producing fluorescent products. The factors affecting the degradation and the determination were studied and optimized. The reaction is followed spectrofluorimetrically by measuring the rate of change of fluorescence intensity at specified emission wavelength. The initial rate and fixed time methods were used for the construction of calibration graphs to determine the concentra...

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  Board-certified emergency physicians' treatment of skin and soft tissue infections in the community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus era.

CONCLUSION: Many clinicians have changed their practice patterns to include antibiotics that usually display activity against CA-MRSA. However, cephalexin remains a popular agent used for these infections. PMID: 19041536 [PubMed - in process] (Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine)

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  Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections in Children With Vesicoureteral Reflux Receiving Prophylactic Antibiotic Therapy

CONCLUSIONS. Children receiving cephalosporin prophylaxis are more likely to have extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria or multidrug-resistant uropathogens other than E coli for breakthrough urinary tract infections; therefore, these antibiotics are not appropriate for prophylactic use in patients with vesicoureteral reflux. Co-trimoxazole remains the preferred prophylactic agent for vesicoureteral reflux. (Source: PEDIATRICS)

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  Multifocal papular deep bacterial pyoderma in a Boxer dog caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Authors: Baxter C, Vogelnest Lj A young adult Boxer dog was presented with a papular dermatitis on the dorsal back and ventral neck that had developed while it was being treated with cyclosporine and cephalexin for atopic dermatitis and secondary superficial staphylococcal pyoderma, respectively. Histopathology demonstrated nodular to diffuse pyogranulomatous dermatitis with focal furunculosis. Numerous bacterial rods, free in the tissue and engulfed by neutrophils and macrophages, could be demonstrated on stained samples (haematoxylin-eosin; Giemsa). Bacterial culture from an aseptically collected skin biopsy punch sample yielded a pure growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sensitive to a variety of antimicrobials. Successful treatment was accomplished following discontinuation of cyclosp...

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  Cephalexin remains preferred oral antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated cellulitis.

Authors: Cunha BA PMID: 18954824 [PubMed - in process] (Source: The American Journal of Medicine)

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  Cephalexin(CEPHALEXIN) Capsule Cephalexin(CEPHALEXIN) Suspension [Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals Inc.]

Updated Date: Sep 24, 2008 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Pharmaceutical contamination in residential, industrial, and agricultural waste streams: Risk to aqueous environments in Taiwan.

Authors: Lin AY, Yu TH, Lin CF This is a comprehensive study of the occurrence of antibiotics, hormones and other pharmaceuticals in water sites that have major potential for downstream environmental contamination. These include residential (hospitals, sewage treatment plants, and regional discharges), industrial (pharmaceutical production facilities), and agricultural (animal husbandries and aquacultures) waste streams. We assayed 23 Taiwanese water sites for 97 targeted compounds, of which a significant number were detected and quantified. The most frequently detected compounds were sulfamethoxazole, caffeine, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen, followed closely by cephalexin, ofloxacin, and diclofenac, which were detected in >91% of samples and found to have median (maximum) concentrat...

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  Influence of cephalosporins on the coagulation time of yogurt made from ewes' milk

Ceftiofur and cephalexin were independently added to ewes' milk at three different concentrations 50, 100 and 150 µg/kg. Spiked milk was used to produce yogurt and the acidification of the yogurt during incubation was then studied. Ceftiofur showed significant delays in the pH decrease rate at all concentrations assayed, but no significant delays occurred with cephalexin. When these antibiotics were administered intramuscularly to lactating ewes, from which the milk was used to make yogurt immediately after the corresponding withdrawal periods, absence of residues and pH delays were not observed during the yogurt fermentation in the presence of any antibiotic. (Source: International Journal of Dairy Technology)

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  Management of mastitis in breastfeeding women.

Authors: Spencer JP Mastitis occurs in approximately 10 percent of U.S. mothers who are breastfeeding, and it can lead to the cessation of breastfeeding. The risk of mastitis can be reduced by frequent, complete emptying of the breast and by optimizing breastfeeding technique. Sore nipples can precipitate mastitis. The differential diagnosis of sore nipples includes mechanical irritation from a poor latch or infant mouth anomalies, such as cleft palate or bacterial or yeast infection. The diagnosis of mastitis is usually clinical, with patients presenting with focal tenderness in one breast accompanied by fever and malaise. Treatment includes changing breastfeeding technique, often with the assistance of a lactation consultant. When antibiotics are needed, those effective against Staph...

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  FDA Safety Changes: Viramune, Agrylin, Keflex, Furadantin, Mycobutin

The FDA has approved revisions to the safety labeling for nevirapine tablets and oral solution, anagrelide HCl capsules, cephalexin capsules, nitrofurantoin oral suspension, and rifabutin capsules. Medscape Medical News (Source: Medscape Medical News Headlines)

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  Cephalexin(Cephalexin) Capsule [Aurobindo Pharma Limited]

Updated Date: Sep 11, 2008 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Interethnic differences of PEPT2 ( SLC15A2 ) polymorphism distribution and associations with cephalexin pharmacokinetics in healthy Asian subjects

Conclusion   PEPT2 polymorphism distributions differ significantly between Chinese, Malay and Asian Indian populations. However, cephalexin pharmacokinetics is not meaningfully different between Chinese and Asian Indians. The association between the PEPT2 haplotype and cephalexin pharmacokinetics could not be confirmed, and future studies under better controlled conditions are needed. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory PharmacogeneticsDOI 10.1007/s00228-008-0488-4Authors Rui Liu, National University of Singapore Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine Block MD11, Level 5, #05–09, Clinical Research Centre, 10 Medical Drive Singapore 117597 SingaporeAudrey May Yi Tang, National University of Singapore Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin Scho...

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  Teratogenicity of antibacterial agents.

Authors: Erić M, Sabo A The aim of our study was to study the possible correlation between use of antibacterial drugs in pregnancy and occurrence of congenital malformations. Among 6099 investigated pregnant women, 392 (6.43%) used antibacterial drugs. The most frequently used antibacterials belonged to category B (75.77%), while 14.54% antibiotics belonged to category D and 1.02% to category X. The most often used antibiotics were cephalexin (22.19%), amoxicillin (20.66%) and ampicillin (14.29%). In 14 embryos exposed to effects of beta-lactams in utero, malformations were detected. The results of this study show possible teratogenic potential even with those antibacterials which are considered safe, but as those are usually minor malformations, they often pass undetected. Becau...

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  MiddleBrook Pharmaceuticals narrows loss

MiddleBrook Pharmaceuticals Inc. said all revenue last quarter came from sales of its Keflex drug, which treats skin and respiratory tract infections. (MBRK) (Source: bizjournals.com Health Care:Pharmaceuticals headlines)

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  Causative agents and antimicrobial susceptibilities of urinary tract infections in the northwest of Iran.

CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the causes of UTI are highly variable and continuous surveillance of trends in resistance patterns of uropathogens is important. PMID: 18703368 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases)

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  Warfarin With Fluoroquinolones, Sulfonamides, or Azole Antifungals: Interactions and the Risk of Hospitalization for Gastrointestinal Bleeding.

Authors: Schelleman H, Bilker W, Brensinger C, Han X, Kimmel S, Hennessy S The aim of this study was to determine whether a potential pharmacokinetic interaction between warfarin and orally administered anti-infectives increases the risk of hospitalization for gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in warfarin users. We conducted a nested case-control and case-crossover study using US Medicaid data. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between GI bleeding and prior use of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, co-trimoxazole, or fluconazole vs. no exposure and also vs. use of cephalexin, which would not be expected to interact with warfarin. All of the anti-infectives examined were associated with elevated odds ratios (ORs) when compared to no exposure to these drugs. ...

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  Synthesis of Cephalexin in Aqueous Medium with Carrier-bound and Carrier-free Penicillin Acylase Biocatalysts.

Authors: Illanes A, Wilson L, Aguirre C The use of very high substrate concentrations favors the kinetically controlled synthesis of cephalexin with penicillin acylase (PA) not only by Michaelian considerations, but also because water activity is depressed, so reducing the rates of the competing reactions of product and acyl donor hydrolysis. Commercial PGA-450, glyoxyl agarose immobilized (PAIGA) and carrier-free cross-linked enzyme aggregates of penicillin acylase (PACLEA) were tested in aqueous media at concentrations close to the solubility of nucleophile and at previously determined enzyme to nucleophile and acid donor to nucleophile ratios. The best temperature and pH were determined for each biocatalyst based on an objective function considering conversion yield, productivity, a...

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  Efficacy and tolerability of once-daily cephalexin in canine superficial pyoderma: an open controlled study.

Authors: Toma S, Colombo S, Cornegliani L, Persico P, Galzerano M, Gianino MM, Noli C Objectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of oral cephalexin given at 30 mg/kg once daily in dogs with superficial pyoderma and to compare them with those of oral cephalexin given at 15 mg/kg twice daily. Methods: Twenty dogs with superficial pyoderma were treated with cephalexin at 30 to 60 mg/kg orally once daily (group A) and compared with 20 dogs treated at a dose of 15 to 30 mg/kg orally twice daily (group B). Dogs were treated until 14 days after clinical remission. Type and distribution of lesions, pruritus and general health status were assessed every 14 days using a numerical scale until 14 days after treatment discontinuation. Total scores for each eva...

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  Studies on diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from children with diarrhea in Myanmar.

This study shows EAEC and EPEC are responsible for sporadic diarrhea in Myanmar and fluoroquinolones appear to be effective in the treatment of these patients. PMID: 18352906 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Microbiology and Immunology)

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  Diabetic foot infection.

Authors: Bader MS Foot infections are common in patients with diabetes and are associated with high morbidity and risk of lower extremity amputation. Diabetic foot infections are classified as mild, moderate, or severe. Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and beta-hemolytic streptococci, are the most common pathogens in previously untreated mild and moderate infection. Severe, chronic, or previously treated infections are often polymicrobial. The diagnosis of diabetic foot infection is based on the clinical signs and symptoms of local inflammation. Infected wounds should be cultured after debridement. Tissue specimens obtained by scraping the base of the ulcer with a scalpel or by wound or bone biopsy are strongly preferred to wound swabs. Imaging studies are indicate...

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  Antibiotic treatment of cutaneous infections with Staphylococcus aureus in patients with atopic dermatitis: current antimicrobial resistances and susceptibilities

Conclusion: Currently, the first generation cephalosporin cephalexin appears to be the preferential first-line antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial superinfections with S. aureus in children and adults with AD due to its restricted antimicrobial spectrum to Gram-positive bacteria and a limited number of Gram-negative strains. Cefuroxim and amoxicillin/clavulanate, which also showed 3% resistances in our patients, cover a broader range of bacterial micro-organisms. However, a broader coverage is not required in case of AD, as S. aureus is the most frequent bacterial micro-organism causing skin infections. (Source: Experimental Dermatology)

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  Molecular mechanism of dipeptide and drug transport by the human renal H+/oligopeptide cotransporter hPEPT2

The human proton/oligopeptide cotransporters hPEPT1 and hPEPT2 have been targeted to enhance the bioavailability of drugs and prodrugs. Previously, we established the mechanisms of drug transport by hPEPT1. Here, we extend these studies to hPEPT2. Major variants hPEPT2*1 and hPEPT2*2 were expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and each was examined using radiotracer uptake and electrophysiological methods. Glycylsarcosine (Gly-Sar); the β-lactam antibiotics ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin, and cefadroxil; and the anti-neoplastics -aminolevulinic acid (-ALA) and bestatin induced inward currents, indicating that they are transported. Variations in transport rate were due to differences in affinity and in turnover rate: for example, cefadroxil was transported with higher apparent affinity but...

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  Efficacy and safety of cefovecin for the treatment of urinary tract infections in cats.

Authors: Passmore CA, Sherington J, Stegemann MR Objectives: To determine the efficacy and safety of cefovecin (Convenia((R)); Pfizer Animal Health) in the treatment of urinary tract infections in cats. Method: A multi-centre, masked, randomised study was conducted in cats presenting with clinical signs indicative of urinary tract infections. Cephalexin (Rilexine((R)); Virbac) administered orally twice daily at 15 mg/kg bodyweight for 14 days was compared with a single subcutaneous injection of cefovecin in cats. The primary efficacy parameter assessed was bacterial elimination of the pretreatment uropathogen. Results: Four hundred and thirty-four cats were screened for urinary tract infections. One hundred and eighty-five cats were treated with either cefovecin (n=124) or cephalexin (...

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  [Enzyme Catalysis and Regulation] Phenolic Lipids Synthesized by Type III Polyketide Synthase Confer Penicillin Resistance on Streptomyces griseus

Type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) found in plants, fungi, and bacteria synthesize a variety of aromatic polyketides. A Gram-positive, filamentous bacterium Streptomyces griseus contained an srs operon, in which srsA encoded a type III PKS, srsB encoded a methyltransferase, and srsC encoded a flavoprotein hydroxylase. Consistent with this annotation, overexpression of the srs genes in a heterologous host, Streptomyces lividans, showed that SrsA was a type III PKS responsible for synthesis of phenolic lipids, alkylresorcinols, and alkylpyrones, SrsB was a methyltransferase acting on the phenolic lipids to yield alkylresorcinol methyl ethers, and SrsC was a hydroxylase acting on the alkylresorcinol methyl ethers. In vitro SrsA reaction showed that SrsA synthesized alkylresorcinols from acy...

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  Oritavancin - Glycopeptide Antibiotic

Oritavancin is an investigational glycopeptide antibiotic currently being developed by Targanta Therapeutics for the treatment of serious gram-positive bacterial infections. It was originally discovered and developed by scientists at Eli Lilly as a potential replacement for vancomycin. Targanta Therapeutics acquired worldwide rights to oritavancin from Intermune Inc in 2005, to which the drug had previously been licensed in 2001. In February 2008, Targanta Therapeutics filed an NDA with the US FDA for use of oritavancin in the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections (cSSIs). Other potential indications for this new antibiotic include bacteraemia and osteomyelitis. MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF GRAM-POSITIVE RESISTANCE The emergence of strains of gram-positive bacteria such a...

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  A retrospective review of ampicillin-sulbactam and amoxicillin + clavulanate vs cefazolin/cephalexin and erythromycin in the setting of preterm premature rupture of membranes: maternal and neonatal outcomes.

CONCLUSION: Ampicillin-sulbactam/amoxicillin + clavulanate was not associated with an increase in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Erythromycin in combination with cefazolin and cephalexin is an effective latency antibiotic regimen. PMID: 18455521 [PubMed - in process] (Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology)

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  Cephalexin(Cephalexin) Capsule [West-Ward Pharmaceutical Corp.]

Updated Date: Apr 25, 2008 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  [Original articles] Detection of plasmid-mediated AmpC in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis

Conclusion: The prevalence of plasmid-mediated ampC was high in the study population, and may be missed by conventional susceptibility testing methods. Inhibitor-based screening methods would improve detection of this emerging resistance phenotype. (Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology)

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  Oral Cephalexin for Acne Vulgaris: Clinical Experience with 93 Patients

This study aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of cephalexin for acne. A ... (Source: Pediatric Dermatology)

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  Cross-sectional prospective survey to study indication-based usage of antimicrobials in animals: results of use in cattle

Conclusions: This cross-sectional prospective survey provided a useful method for the collection of information on the indication-based use of antimicrobials in different animal species. Cattle were the most commonly treated animal species during the study period. The most common indication for antimicrobial use in cows was mastitis. Benzyl penicillin was the drug most frequently used for the treatment of mastitis, which seems appropriate according to the national guidelines on the use of antimicrobials in cattle in Finland. (Source: BioMed Central)

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  Antibacterial activity of some medicinal plant extracts.

Authors: Ghosh A, Das BK, Roy A, Mandal B, Chandra G Antibacterial activity of hot aqueous and methanolic extracts prepared from six plants (Terminallia chebula, Terminallia bellerica, Phyllanthus emblica, Punica granatum, Lawsonia alba and Mikania micrantha) used in traditional folk medicines of India were screened against five pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 2940, Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441, Escherichia coli MTCC 739, Proteus vulgaris MTCC 426 and Enterobacter aerogenes MTCC 111). The highest antibacterial potentiality was exhibited by the methanolic leaf extract of T. chebula, followed by the aqueous fruit extract of T. bellerica. The leaf extract of T. chebula can be considered to be as equally potent as the most effective antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin, gentamy...

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  Molecular Mechanism of Dipeptide and Drug Transport by the Human Renal H+/Oligopeptide Cotransporter, hPEPT2.

Authors: Sala-Rabanal M, Loo DD, Hirayama BA, Wright EM The human proton/oligopeptide cotransporters, hPEPT1 and hPEPT2, have been targeted to enhance the bioavailability of drugs and prodrugs. Previously, we established the mechanisms of drug transport by hPEPT1. Here, we extend these studies to hPEPT2. Major variants hPEPT2*1 and hPEPT2*2 were expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and each was examined using radiotracer uptake and electrophysiological methods. Gly-Sar, the beta-lactam antibiotics ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin and cefadroxil, and the antineoplastics delta-aminolevulinic acid (delta-ALA) and bestatin induced inward currents, indicating that they are transported. Variations in transport rate were due to differences in affinity and in turnover rate: for example, cefadroxil...

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  DTB: Risks of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases

This Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin (DTB) discusses the bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), which confer resistance to many commonly used antibacterials. The following subjects are reviewed: • Antimicrobial resistance • Beta-lactamases in general • What’s special about ESBLS? • What problems do ESBL-producers cause? • Management of infection • Investigation and control of infection • Empirical treatment • Treatment for known ESBL-producers The bulletin advises that empirical treatment of ESBL-related infections should be based on a sound knowledge of the local distribution of pathogens, their susceptibility patterns, and ideally involve the local microbiologist. In addition, once an infection with an ESBL-producing organism is confirmed, app...

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  Antimicrobial prescribing trends in primary care: implications for health policy in Bahrain

To evaluate antimicrobial prescribing pattern by primary care physicians.A nation-wide, retrospective, multi-centric prescription-audit was carried out in primary care health centres in Bahrain.Systemic antimicrobials ranked the fourth most common class of drugs prescribed. Amoxycillin, cephalexin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and cotrimoxazole were prescribed by general practitioners (GPs) more often than by family physicians (FPs) (p < 0.05). With respect to prescribing of other antimicrobials and anthelmintic mebendazole, the differences between GPs and FPs were nonsignificant. Seventy-seven per cent of systemic antimicrobials prescribed were for respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Topical antimicrobial preparations for ear and eye infections were prescribed by GPs in a rate significant...

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  Live, Attenuated Varicella Zoster Vaccination of an Immunocompromised Patient

Abstract  A vaccine for the prevention of herpes zoster outbreaks in adults over the age of 60 years has recently been approved. A 76-year-old white female with a history of recurrent left axillary breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy was given a Zostavax® injection by her primary care physician. Eight days later, the patient developed a rash. Given the recent administration of live, attenuated varicella zoster virus (VZV), a diagnosis of disseminated cutaneous herpes zoster was made. The patient was treated successfully with a course of famciclovir for 10 days and cephalexin for 7 days for a secondary bacterial infection. A review of the medical literature disclosed no reports of Zostavax® given to adult cancer patients immunocompromised by systemic chemot...

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  Keflex(Cephalexin) Capsule [ADVANCIS PHARMACEUTICAL CORPORATION]

Updated Date: Feb 15, 2008 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

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  Serogroups, Atypical Biochemical Characters, Colicinogeny and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Diarrhoeic Calves in Gujarat, India.

This study was designed to investigate the antibiotic resistance, colicinogeny, serotyping and atypical biochemical characteristics of 41 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains detected using polymerase chain reaction from 90 E. coli strains isolated from 46 diarrhoeic calves. The STEC strains belonged to 14 different serogroups. Seventeen per cent of the STEC strains carried the eaeA gene while 14.28% of the 49 non-STEC strains were eaeA positive. Twenty eight (68.29%) of the 41 STEC strains were rhamnose non-fermentors. All the STEC strains revealed resistance to at least three of the antibiotics tested. 100% resistance was found against kanamycin and cephalexin followed by cephaloridine, enrofloxacin, amikacin, ampicillin, tetracycline, ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, colistin ...

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  Perioperative management of ventriculoperitoneal shunts during abdominal surgery.

CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that there is minimal risk for VPS malfunction or infection among patients undergoing routine clean and clean-contaminated abdominal and urologic surgeries. Patients with VPSs undergoing these operations do not need externalization of their shunt. None of the patients in this study had a contaminated procedure. For dirty procedures, surgeons should opt to externalize the shunt. Future studies will aim to better standardize the perioperative management of VPSs during abdominal surgery. PMID: 18207538 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Surgical Neurology)

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  Single-dose vs multiple-dose antibiotic prophylaxis in instrumented lumbar fusion-a prospective study.

CONCLUSION: Statistical significance was not proven in this prospective study comparing single-dose preoperative antibiotic protocol vs preoperative with an extended postoperative antibiotic protocol. A larger study of 1400 patients would possibly provide more statistically significant information. PMID: 18207532 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Surgical Neurology)

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  cephalexin, Keflex, Keftabs

Title: cephalexin, Keflex, KeftabsCategory: MedicationsCreated: 12/31/1997Last Editorial Review: 1/10/2008 (Source: MedicineNet Medications General)

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  Auriga Laboratories, Inc.: Auriga Laboratories Signs Co-Promotion Agreement With MiddleBrook Pharmaceuticals for Keflex(R) 750 mg

LOS ANGELES, CA (MARKET WIRE) Auriga Laboratories, Inc. (OTCBB: ARGA), a specialty pharmaceutical company, announced today the signing of a co-promotion agreement with MiddleBrook Pharmaceuticals, Inc., pursuant to which Auriga will co-promote Keflex(R) 750 mg capsules (cephalexin capsules, USP), to Primary Care Specialists in the U.S. (Source: Market Wire - Pharmaceuticals and Biotech)

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  Antibiotics Do Not Contribute to Healing of MRSA-Related Skin Abscesses

Treatment with cephalexin does not alter cure rates after surgical drainage of uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) caused by community strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), according to a report in the November Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Reuters Health Information (Source: Medscape General Surgery Headlines)

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  Antibacterial activity of some medicinal plant extracts

Abstract  Antibacterial activity of hot aqueous and methanolic extracts prepared from six plants (Terminallia chebula, Terminallia bellerica, Phyllanthus emblica, Punica granatum, Lawsonia alba and Mikania micrantha) used in traditional folk medicines of India were screened against five pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 2940, Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441, Escherichia coli MTCC 739, Proteus vulgaris MTCC 426 and Enterobacter aerogenes MTCC 111). The highest antibacterial potentiality was exhibited by the methanolic leaf extract of T. chebula, followed by the aqueous fruit extract of T. bellerica. The leaf extract of T. chebula can be considered to be as equally potent as the most effective antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, kanamycin, ofloxacin and cephal...

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  Conjugation potential and class 1 integron carriage of resident plasmids in river water copiotrophs.

Authors: Mukherjee S, Chakraborty R Plasmid content was investigated in hundred copiotrophic Gram-negative river water isolates that exhibited resistance to four or more antibiotics. A total of seventy-seven isolates were found to carry plasmids of varying sizes. These isolates were primarily grouped as Pseudomonads and members of Enterobacteriaceae on the basis of physiological and biochemical tests. Fifty-six isolates that were rifampicin-sensitive and belonged to Enterobacteriaceae family were chosen as donors for the conjugal transfer assay. Eighteen of the isolates successfully transferred conjugable plasmids to the E. coli DH5alpha recipient. Countable multiple antibiotic resistant transconjugants arose readily and conjugal transfer frequency was in the range of 3.75 x 10(-6) to ...

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  MiddleBrook Pharmaceuticals sells product line to bolster financial position

MiddleBrook Pharmaceuticals Inc. is selling its Keflex antibiotic line to a major shareholder for $7.5 million, money the biotech will use to continue negotiating a potential sale or partnership into next year. (MBRK) (Source: bizjournals.com Health Care:Pharmaceuticals headlines)

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  Retapamulin

The treatment of bacterial infections is increasingly complicated by the emergence of resistant strains, which lends an urgency to the development of new drug classes that would circumvent said resistance. Retapamulin is the first in one new class of antibiotics called the pleuromutilins and demonstrates a unique mechanism of action. By binding to a distinct site on the 50s sub-unit of the bacterial ribosome, retapamulin inhibits protein synthesis. In vitro, retapamulin has shown no target-specific cross-resistance to other established classes of antibiotics. GlaxoSmithKline has filed for marketing approval of the drug, which will have the trade name Altabax™, in the U.S. and expects to receive FDA approval by year-end. The clinical trials program for retapamulin involved 2,450 pat...

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  Galbanic Acid from Ferula szowitsiana Enhanced the Antibacterial Activity of Penicillin G and Cephalexin against Staphylococcus aureus.

In this study the enhancement effect of Ferula szowitsiana roots' acetone extract on the antibacterial activity of penicillin G and cephalexin was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus. Disk diffusion and broth dilution methods were used to determine the antibacterial activity of these antibiotics in the absence and presence of plant extract and its various fractions separated by TLC plate. The active component of plant extract involved in enhancement of penicillin G's and cephalexin's activities had Rf=0.336 on a TLC plate. The spectral data ((1)H-, (13)C-NMR) of this compound revealed that this compound was 7-[6-(beta-carboxyethyl)-5-isopropylidene-1,2-dimethylcyclo-hexylmethoxy]coumarin (galbanic acid), previously isolated from Ferula assa-foetida. In the presence of sub-inhibitory co...

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  Cephalexin inhibits N-formylated peptide transport and intestinal hyperpermeability in Caco2 cells.

CONCLUSION: Cephalexin inhibits fMLP transport across cultured intestinal monolayers, and partially attenuates PMN-induced intestinal hyperpermeability. The use of pharmacologic hPEPT1 substrates may represent a novel means of preserving intestinal barrier integrity. PMID: 17727793 [PubMed - in process] (Source: J Pharm Pharm Sci)

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  'Equivocal, Contradictory' FDA Preemption Position Not Due Deference, Judge Says

MOBILE, Ala. - An Alabama federal judge on April 24 said the Food and Drug Administration's position on drug preemption in a cephalexin injury case is not entitled to deference because it is "equivocal, contradictory, and represents a marked change of course from its longstanding views" (Ashley Barnhill v. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc., et al., No. 06-282, S.D. Ala., Southern Div.). Full story on lexis.com (Source: LexisNexis® Mealey's™ Antidepressant Drugs Legal News)

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  'Equivocal, Contradictory' FDA Preemption Position Not Due Deference, Judge Says

MOBILE, Ala. - An Alabama federal judge on April 24 said the Food and Drug Administration's position on drug preemption in a cephalexin injury case is not entitled to deference because it is "equivocal, contradictory, and represents a marked change of course from its longstanding views" (Ashley Barnhill v. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc., et al., No. 06-282, S.D. Ala., Southern Div.). Full story on lexis.com (Source: LexisNexis® Mealey's™ Arthritis Drugs Legal News)

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  Advancis Pharmaceutical Reports on Meeting with FDA Reviewing Keflex PULSYS Phase III Trial Design

Single Non-Inferiority Phase III Trial Design Believed to be Acceptable to FDA GERMANTOWN, Md., June 26 (HSMN NewsFeed) -- Advancis Pharmaceutical Corporation (Nasdaq: AVNC ), a pharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing novel an... Biopharmaceuticals, Drug Delivery, FDAAdvancis Pharmaceutical, Keflex PULSYS, cephalexin, antibiotic (Source: HSMN NewsFeed)

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  'Equivocal, Contradictory' FDA Preemption Position Not Due Deference, Judge Says

MOBILE, Ala. - An Alabama federal judge on April 24 said the Food and Drug Administration's position on drug preemption in a cephalexin injury case is not entitled to deference because it is "equivocal, contradictory, and represents a marked change of course from its longstanding views" (Ashley Barnhill v. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc., et al., No. 06-282, S.D. Ala., Southern Div.). Full story on lexis.com (Source: LexisNexis® Mealey's™ Thimerosal & Vaccines Legal News)

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  Judge Says FDA's Preemption Stance Not Worthy Of Due Deference

MOBILE, Ala. - An Alabama federal judge on April 24 said the Food and Drug Administration's position on drug preemption in a cephalexin injury case is not entitled to deference because it is "equivocal, contradictory, and represents a marked change of course from its longstanding views" (Ashley Barnhill v. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc., et al., No. 06-282, S.D. Ala., Southern Div.). Full story on lexis.com (Source: LexisNexis® Mealey's™ Hormone Replacement Therapy Legal News)

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  'Equivocal, Contradictory' FDA Preemption Position Not Due Deference, Judge Says

MOBILE, Ala. - An Alabama federal judge on April 24 said the Food and Drug Administration's position on drug preemption in a cephalexin injury case is not entitled to deference because it is "equivocal, contradictory, and represents a marked change of course from its longstanding views" (Ashley Barnhill v. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc., et al., No. 06-282, S.D. Ala., Southern Div.). Full story on lexis.com (Source: LexisNexis® Mealey's™ Emerging Drugs & Devices Legal News)

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  What is the Differential Diagnosis of a Breast Mass?

Discussion Thelarche is the onset of breast development and is usually the first sign of puberty in girls. It occurs at an average age of 11-11.5 years with a range of between 8 and 13 years. The breasts grow over the next 2-4 years as classified by Tanner staging. If no breast development occurs by 13 years of age then this is delayed and an evaluation is warranted. All adolescents should be examined and taught self-examination particularly adolescents with a family history of breast cancer or other malignancies. Risk factors for breast cancer include chest wall radiation and girls with a family history of breast cancer. Most breast masses in children and adolescents thankfully are benign in nature. Evaluation and management of breast masses depends on the history and examination. Ultra...

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  Multi-objective optimization of an industrial penicillin V bioreactor train using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm

Bulk of the penicillin produced is used as raw material for semi-synthetic penicillin (such as amoxicillin and ampicillin) and semi-synthetic cephalosporins (such as cephalexin and cefadroxil). In the present paper, an industrial penicillin V bioreactor train is optimized for multiple objectives simultaneously. An industrial train, comprising a bank of identical bioreactors, is run semi-continuously in a synchronous fashion. The fermentation taking place in a bioreactor is modelled using a morphologically structured mechanism. For multi-objective optimization for two and three objectives, the elitist Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) is chosen. Instead of a single optimum as in the traditional optimization, a wide range of optimal design and operating conditions depicting t...

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  Regulation of the Oligopeptide Transporter, PEPT-1, in DSS-Induced Rat Colitis

In conclusion, DSS-induced rat colitis did not alter PepT-1 substrate bioavailability despite certain modifications in PepT-1 expression profile. Content TypeJournal Article JournalDigestive Diseases and SciencesOnline ISSN 1573-2568Print ISSN 0163-2116 (Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences)

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  Effects of capsaicin on intestinal cephalexin absorption in rats.

Authors: Komori Y, Aiba T, Sugiyama R, Nakai C, Kawasaki H, Kurosaki Y The effects of capsaicin on intestinal cephalexin absorption were investigated by means of in situ single pass perfusion in rats to clarify whether this pungent compound present in spice is a potential factor altering the intestinal drug absorption processes. Under the control condition, cephalexin was absorbed at a rate of 1.16+/-0.08 and 0.90+/-0.06 nmol/min/cm in the jejunum and ileum, respectively. The intestinal cephalexin absorption rate was decreased when capsaicin was dissolved in the perfusate at a concentration of 400 muM, being 0.54+/-0.07 and 0.46+/-0.10 nmol/min/cm in the jejunum and ileum, respectively. The inhibitive effect of capsaicin on intestinal cephalexin absorption was diminished when ruthenium...

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  Facial Sweet's syndrome mimicking rosacea fulminans.

Authors: Anavekar NS, Williams R, Chong AH A 36-year-old man presented with a non-pruritic, erythematous facial rash with peri-oral and peri-orbital sparing. The initial clinicopathological diagnosis was rosacea fulminans, which was treated with 25 mg oral prednisolone and cephalexin. The patient re-presented 1 week later with exacerbation of his rash in addition to constitutional symptoms of fever and malaise. A further skin biopsy was taken and the marked neutrophilic infiltrate in the absence of vasculitis made the diagnosis of Sweet's syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis). High-dose prednisolone (50 mg daily), topical hydrocortisone cream and ichthammol in zinc ointment were commenced with rapid clinical improvement. This case highlights the importance of considering Swe...

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  Synthesis of New Prodrugs Based on {beta}-CD as the Natural Compounds Containing {beta}-lactam Antibiotics

Synthesis of telechelic polymer of ßbeta;-CD-poly(ethylene glycol) using poly(ethylene glycol) and mono-6-O-tosyl-ßbeta;-CD is described. Three ßbeta;-lactam antibiotics: ampicillin (Amp), amoxicillin (Amo), and cephalexin (Ceph) were attached to ßbeta;-CD-poly(ethylene glycol) and to unmodified ßbeta;-CD as the carrier agents. Structures of these prodrugs were confirmed using spectroscopic methods. The profiles of drug’s release indicated that the isolated pro-drugs could have potential applications for controlled drug release as oral drug delivery systems. (Source: Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers)

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  Microplate Assay for Inhibitors of the Transpeptidase Activity of PBP1b of Escherichia coli

The transpeptidase (TP) activity of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), target of the ßbeta;-lactam antibiotics, is a well-validated antibacterial drug target. The TP activity of PBP1b converts un-cross-linked peptidoglycan to the cross-linked form. Directly measuring TP activity is difficult because cross-linked and un-cross-linked peptidoglycan have very similar chromatographic properties. The authors report a microdilution plate method to directly measure the TP enzyme activity, uncoupled from the transglycosylase (TG), for detection of TP inhibitors. Escherichia coli membranes were incubated with 100 mM ampicillin, followed by removal of unbound ampicillin. The substrate for the TP, un-cross-linked peptidoglycan, was prepared by incubating these membranes with peptidoglycan sugar ...

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  Rational Use of Antimicrobials in Infants in Primary Care of Bahrain

This nationwide prescription-based study was undertaken to evaluate antimicrobial prescribing for infants, and to identify prescribing errors in infants in 20 primary care health centres of Bahrain. Data was collected on a daily basis by pharmacists in May 2004. Antimicrobials ranked the 5th most common drugs prescribed in infants; ßbeta;-lactams, notably amoxycillin and cephalexin, comprised 81.6% of overall prescribed antimicrobials. Antimicrobials were prescribed to approximately one out of four infants (23.8%), prescribed more often to infants aged 9–12 months of age. Approximately one-fifth (22%) of infants received antimicrobials at subtherapeutic daily doses. The prescribing errors were related to dosage (39.2%), strength/doses (26.4%), frequency of dosing (19.2%), and du...

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  Successful treatment of recalcitrant necrotizing eosinophilic folliculitis using indomethacin and cephalexin

Australasian Journal of Dermatology Volume 47, Issue 4, Page 281-285, Nov 2006. (Source: Australasian Journal of Dermatology)

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  Microbial pathogens of adult community-acquired pneumonia in Southern Estonia.

In conclusion, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the major pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia in Southern Estonia. Although gram-negatives were more prevalent, the major pathogens were favorably susceptible without a noticeable cross-resistance. Nevertheless, improved surveillance studies are needed because of a pressure for the rise in antibiotic resistance in the society. PMID: 16778466 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Medicina (Kaunas))

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  Abnormal Expression of the Peptide Transporter PepT1 in the Colon of Massive Bowel Resection Rat: A Potential Route for Colonic Mucosa Damage by Transport of fMLP

Abstract  The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of abnormal intestinal oligopeptide transporter (PepT1) on rat colon inflammation by transportion of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). We induced upregulation of PepT1 in the colon of rats by 80% small bowel resection and examined colonic PepT1 di-tripeptide transport activity. By Western blot analysis, PepT1 was clearly detected in the colon of bowel resection rats, while it was absent from the colon of bowel transection and reanastomosis rats. The experiment with cephalexin colon perfusion showed that the arterial cephalexin concentration in resection rats was five to nine times that in transection rats. Inhibition of PepT1 by Gly–Gly completely abolished cephalexin absorption from the colon of resection rats...

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  Effect of chitosan on gastrointestinal absorption of water-insoluble drugs following oral administration in rats.

Authors: Nadai M, Tajiri C, Yoshizumi H, Suzuki Y, Zhao YL, Kimura M, Tsunekawa Y, Hasegawa T Chitosan is widely used as a dietary weight-loss supplement in Japan. In the present study, we examined the effect of chitosan on the gastrointestinal absorption profiles of the water-insoluble drugs, indomethacin and griseofulvin, and the water-soluble drugs, acetaminophen and cephalexin, after oral administration in rats. Rats received oral administration of chitosan (5 mg/kg or 25 mg/kg) dissolved in 5% acetic acid or vehicle 15 min before oral administration of each drug. Chitosan at a dose of 25 mg/kg, but not 5 mg/kg, significantly decreased the plasma concentrations of indomethacin and griseofulvin after administration as a suspension with a significant delay of the time to reach maximu...

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  Advancis Pharmaceutical Signs Contract Sales Agreement With Innovex

Innovex Selected to Promote New Keflex Strengths Through 75 Sales Representatives Across the U.S. GERMANTOWN, Md., June 22 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Advancis Pharmaceutical Corporation (NASDAQ:AVNC) , a pharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing novel anti-infective products, today announced it has entered into an agreement with Innovex, the commercialization... (Source: Drug Newswire)

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  FDA Approvals: Keflex, Barley Qualified Health Claim, Ionsys

The FDA has approved 333- and 750-mg capsule strengths for cephalexin (Keflex), a qualified health claim for whole grain barley, and a fentanyl HCl iontophoretic transdermal system (Ionsys). (CME,CE)Medscape Medical NewsYael Waknine,Gary Vogin (Source: Medscape Pulmonary Medicine Headlines)

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  Keflex now in higher strengths

Advancis Pharmaceutical Corp. has been given the go-ahead to market its antibiotic Keflex (cephalexin) in two new strengths—333-mg and 750-mg capsules. The company said this will give healthcare providers an easier way to prescribe a total daily dose of 1,500 mg. (Source: Drug Topics - Hot off the Press)

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