MedWorm: Azithromycin

  Inspire Announces Results From AZASITE(R) Phase 2 Blepharitis Trials And Plans To Continue Clinical Development In Anterior And Posterior Blepharitis

Inspire Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: ISPH) announced the results from two Phase 2 clinical trials with AZASITE (azithromycin ophthalmic solution) 1% for the treatment of blepharitis. Inspire will conduct additional clinical work to continue pursuing a potential indication for treatment of anterior and posterior forms of blepharitis. The initial Phase 2 work consisted of two clinical trials in patients with anterior blepharitis, one with a two-week treatment period and one with a four-week treatment period... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

top  

  Inspire Announces Results From AZASITE(R) Phase 2 Blepharitis Trials And Plans To Continue Clinical Development In Anterior And Posterior Blepharitis

Inspire Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: ISPH) announced the results from two Phase 2 clinical trials with AZASITE (azithromycin ophthalmic solution) 1% for the treatment of blepharitis. Inspire will conduct additional clinical work to continue pursuing a potential indication for treatment of anterior and posterior forms of blepharitis... (Source: Eye Health / Optometry News From Medical News Today)

top  

  Antibiotic prescription patterns in hospitalized patients with nursing home-acquired pneumonia

Considerable research has increased our understanding of antibiotic prescribing practices in hospital settings when it comes to nosocomial pneumonia. Much less is known about the antibiotic prescribing patterns for hospitalized non-critically ill patients with nursing home-acquired pneumonia (NHAP).As part of a multisite quality improvement project, we sought to examine patterns of antibiotic prescription among healthcare providers as a function of underlying comorbid, functional, and clinical factors.Three tertiary care centers.Chart reviews of 397 individual admissions were performed on patients admitted from nursing homes with the diagnosis of pneumonia between January 2005 and September 2007.Compliance with national guidelines for the treatment of NHAP was poor. Overall, the 3 most com...

top  

  Bacterial conjunctivitis

New evidence; conclusion confirmed for: Empirical treatment with topical antibiotics in people with suspected bacterial conjunctivitis One RCT with weak methods added comparing moxifloxacin versus combination trimethoprim/polymyxin. The RCT found that moxifloxacin increased clinical and microbiological cure rates compared with trimethoprim/polymyxin, which ran contrary to findings of multiple other RCTs that found equivalent effectiveness for these outcomes when different antibiotics were compared with each other. Categorisation unchanged (Likely to be beneficial). Antibiotics (topical) in people with culture-positive non-gonococcal bacterial conjunctivitis Five RCTs added. The first three RCTs compared top...

top  

  Inspire Announces Results From Azasite Phase 2 Blepharitis Trials and Plans to Continue Clinical Development in Anterior and Posterior Blepharitis

DURHAM, N.C.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Mar 15, 2010 - Inspire Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: ISPH) announced today the results from two Phase 2 clinical trials with AZASITE (azithromycin ophthalmic solution) 1% for the treatment of blepharitis. Inspire will... (Source: Drugs.com - Clinical Trials)

top  

  Enhancement of Biofilm Formation by Subinhibitory Macrolides in icaADBC-Positive and -Negative Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Authors: Wang Q, Sun FJ, Liu Y, Xiong LR, Xie LL, Xia PY Biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis is mediated by icaADBC-dependent and -independent pathways. Subinhibitory erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin markedly enhanced, in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, biofilm formation of 20% (21/105) macrolide-resistant ica-positive and -negative isolates tested. Yet, the ica presence apparently produced an enhanced effect on biofilm formation. Expression of biofilm-related icaA, atlE, fruA, pyrR, sarA and sigB genes was increased in response to erythromycin. The results likely underscore the potential clinical relevance of macrolide-induced biofilm growth. PMID: 20231401 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy)

top  

  Azithromycin Alters Macrophage Phenotype and Pulmonary Compartmentalization during Pseudomonas Pneumonia.

Authors: Feola DJ, Garvy BA, Cory TJ, Birket SE, Hoy H, Hayes D, Murphy BS Infection with mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic inflammatory diseases of the airway is difficult to eradicate and can causes excessive inflammation. The roles of alternatively activated and regulatory subsets of macrophages in this pathophysiologic process are not well characterized. We previously demonstrated that azithromycin induces an alternatively activated macrophage-like phenotype in vitro. Here we test whether azithromycin affects macrophage activation status and migration in the lungs of P. aeruginosa-infected mice. C57Bl/6 mice received daily doses of oral azithromycin and were infected intratracheally with a mucoid strain of P. aeruginosa. Properties of macrophage activation, immune...

top  

  In vitro susceptibility to antimicrobial agents and ultrastructural characteristics related to swimming motility and drug action in Campylobacterjejuni and C. coli

In this study, we examined in vitro susceptibility to 36 antimicrobial agents of 109 strains of C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from chickens and patients with enteritis or Guillain–Barré syndrome from 1996 to 2009. Among these agents, carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem, panipenem, and biapenem) showed the greatest activity [minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)90, 0.03–0.125 μg/ml]. This was followed by sitafloxacin (MIC90, 0.25 μg/ml), furazolidone and azithromycin (MIC90, 0.5 μg/ml), gentamicin and clindamycin (MIC90, 1 μg/ml), and clavulanic acid (β-lactamase inhibitor; MIC90, 2 μg/ml). All or most strains were resistant to aztreonam, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim. Marked resistance was also observed for levofloxacin and tetracyclines. Resistan...

top  

  Severe odynophagia in a patient developing after azithromycin intake: a case report.

CONCLUSION: To our knowledge this is the first such a case of azithromycin -induced esophageal ulceration. We think that a little time taken by the physician to warn the patients for taking every oral drug with sufficient amount of water might prevent this kind of complications. PMID: 20205827 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Pain Physician)

top  

  Suppressive effect of azithromycin on Plasmodium berghei mosquito stage development and apicoplast replication

Conclusions: AZM inhibits parasite development in the mosquito stage, probably through the same mechanism as in the liver and blood stages. Such a multi-targeting anti-malarial, along with its safety, would be ideal for mass drug administration in malaria control programmes. (Source: Malaria Journal)

top  

  Mycoplasma genitalium symptoms, concordance and treatment in high-risk sexual dyads

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and concordance of Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) among Mexican American and African American women and their male sexual partners. Secondary objectives were to determine symptoms of MG infection and persistence of MG after antibiotic therapy. Heterosexual couples were tested for MG and interviewed separately regarding symptoms and behavioural/epidemiologic variables at baseline, six and 12 months. The overall prevalence of MG among women and men was 9.5% and 10.6%, respectively. Subjects were five times more likely to be infected with MG if their sexual partner was MG positive. Among men and women, MG prevalence and mean bacterial loads were similar after receiving single-dose azithromycin, doxycycline or no antibiotics. MG was assoc...

top  

  Estimation of effects of community intervention with Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness, and Environmental improvement (A,F,E) in five districts of Ethiopia hyperendemic for trachoma

Conclusion These findings are important, since they make the case for continued implementing the A,F,E interventions simultaneously, and suggest appropriate timing of SAFE evaluations within 6–12 months after the last mass azithromycin distribution. (Source: British Journal of Ophthalmology)

top  

  AZITHROMYCIN (Azithromycin Monohydrate) Powder, For Suspension [Physicians Total Care, Inc.]

Updated Date: Mar 5, 2010 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

top  

  A Randomized Controlled Trial: Efficacy and Safety of Azithromycin, Ofloxacin, Bismuth, and Omeprazole Compared With Amoxicillin, Clarithromycin, Bismuth, and Omeprazole as Second-Line Therapy in Patients With Helicobacter pylori Infection

Conclusion: Two weeks of treatment with ofloxacin, azithromycin, omeprazole, and bismuth is an effective and safe regimen for H. pylori eradication as second-line therapy. (Source: Helicobacter)

top  

  Pattern of antibiotic prescription in the management of endodontic infections amongst Spanish oral surgeons

Conclusions The majority of the members of the SECIB were selecting the appropriate antibiotic for use in endodontic infections, but there are still many who are prescribing antibiotics inappropriately. The use of antibiotics for minor infections, or in some cases in patients without infections, could be a major contributor to the world problem of antimicrobial resistance. (Source: International Endodontic Journal)

top  

  Recent amoxicillin exposure linked to drug-resistant UTIs in children

Source: Pediatrics Area: News According to research published early online in Pediatrics, children exposed to amoxicillin within 60 days of a urinary tract infection (UTI) are at increased risk for ampicillin-resistant microbes.   Researchers evaluated the impact of previous antimicrobial exposure on the development of antimicrobial resistance in 533 children aged 6 months to 6 years with their first UTI in a retrospective cohort study. The researchers examined the relationship between antimicrobial resistance in UTI isolates and exposure to specific antimicrobial agents (amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefdinir, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and azithromycin) in the previous 120 days. The following results were reported:   . 8%, 14%, and 21% were exposed to ...

top  

  Clinical activity and polymerase chain reaction evidence of chlamydial infection after repeated mass antibiotic treatments for trachoma.

Authors: Keenan JD, Lakew T, Alemayehu W, Melese M, Porco TC, Yi E, House JI, Zhou Z, Ray KJ, Acharya NR, Whitcher JP, Gaynor BD, Lietman TM It is unclear how the prevalence of clinically active trachoma correlates with the prevalence of ocular chlamydial infection at the community level. In 24 villages from a cluster-randomized clinical trial of mass azithromycin distributions in Ethiopia, the correlation between the prevalence of clinical activity (on examination) and chlamydial infection (by polymerase chain reaction) was moderately strong before mass antibiotic treatments (Pearson's correlation coefficient r = 0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.52-0.87), but decreased at each time point during four biannual treatments (at 24 months, r = 0.15, 95% CI = -0.14-0.41). One year afte...

top  

  [Reflection and Reaction] Quinine for the treatment of malaria in pregnancy

Adoke Yeka and colleagues rightly call for the discontinuation of quinine monotherapy in sub-Saharan Africa. However, combination therapies using quinine for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in pregnancy were discounted. We agree that artemether with lumefantrine, azithromycin, artesunate with mefloquine, or dihydroartemisinin with piperaquine should be investigated for their potential use in the treatment of pregnant women with uncomplicated malaria. However, with the exception of azithromycin, all of these compounds are contraindicated in the first trimester. Priority should be given to investigating treatment regimens including azithromycin with quinine and azithromycin with chloroquine that are safe for use throughout pregnancy. (Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases)

top  

  Macrolide antibiotics in the treatment of asthma. An update.

Authors: Hernando-Sastre V It seems clear that certain macrolide antibiotics exert anti-inflammatory and immune modulating effects beyond their purely antibacterial action, as has been demonstrated in a number of bronchial inflammatory disorders such as diffuse panbronchiolitis. Randomised, controlled clinical trials involving larger patient samples are needed to confirm whether these actions are of clinical relevance in application to asthma. On the other hand, the macrolide antibiotics have a long half-life, with a prolonged elimination interval, which appears to favour the development of resistances that persist over the long term, as in the case of azithromycin. Would the risk/benefit ratio of sustained low-dose macrolide use be justified, considering the risk of selecting resistan...

top  

  AZITHROMYCIN (Azithromycin) Tablet, Film Coated [Rebel Distributors Corp.]

Updated Date: Feb 12, 2010 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

top  

  Increased Clinical Failures When Treating Acute Otitis Media with Macrolides: A Meta-Analysis(March) (FREE).

CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis suggests that patients treated with macrolides for AOM may be more likely to have clinical failures. As such, it supports the current AAP AOM recommendation that macrolides be reserved for patients who can not receive amoxicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanate. PMID: 20150506 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy)

top  

  Azithromycin: Delirium in a child: case report

(Source: Reactions)

top  

  Speciation and susceptibility of Nocardia isolated from ocular infections

Clin Microbiol Infect Twenty Nocardia spp. isolated from ocular infections were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and susceptibility was determined using the E-test (AB Biodisk, Sweden). Species distribution among the 20 isolates was as follows: Nocardia levis (n = 7), Nocardia farcinica (n = 3), Nocardia abscessus (n = 2), Nocardia brasiliensis (n = 2), Nocardia amamiensis (n = 2), Nocardia puris (n = 1), Nocardia beijingensis (n = 1), Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (n = 1) and Nocardia thailandica (n = 1). All isolates were sensitive to amikacin. Eighteen (90%) isolates were sensitive to tobramycin, 11 (55%) to ciprofloxacin and gatifloxacin, and seven (35%) to azithromycin and clarithromycin. Molecular methods are useful for the identification and for the detection of Nocardia species t...

top  

  Molecular mechanisms of Bartonella henselae resistance to azithromycin, pradofloxacin and enrofloxacin

(Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

top  

  Mass treatment of trachoma with azithromycin 1.5% eye drops in the Republic of Cameroon: feasibility, tolerance and effectiveness

Conclusion Mass treatment with azithromycin 1.5% eye drops is feasible, well tolerated and effective. (Source: British Journal of Ophthalmology)

top  

  Lymphogranuloma venereum in Zurich Switzerland: Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 proctitis among men who have sex with men.

CONCLUSIONS: Zurich has not been spared by the recent outbreaks of LGV proctitis in MSM. Anorectal LGV infections may progress to severe destructive changes, with formation of granulomas, strictures, and perirectal abscesses. Increased awareness of this problem and establishment of reliable diagnostic tools are required. PMID: 20131124 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Swiss Medical Weekly)

top  

  NEW MUTATION IN 23S rRNA GENE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH LEVEL OF AZITHROMYCIN RESISTANCE IN Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Authors: Galarza PG, Abad R, Fernández Canigia L, Buscemi L, Pagano I, Oviedo C, Vázquez JA Although azithromycin (1 g orally in a single dose) is not recommended for treating gonorrhea, it is still used in some parts of the world and it is widely used either to treat Chlamydia trachomatis infections or in combination with expanded expectrum cephalosporins to treat simultaneous infections by both chlamydia and gonococci (7).... PMID: 20123998 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy)

top  

  [Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Legionella isolates in the Environment and in Patients.]

CONCLUSIONS: Legionella spp. isolates from Korea and Japan were most susceptible to gatifloxacin. Azithromycin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and gemifloxacin were also effective for treating legionellosis. PMID: 20197719 [PubMed - in process] (Source: The Korean Journal of Laboratory Medicine)

top  

  Reversible hearing impairment: delayed complication of murine typhus or azithromycin toxicity? A case report and literature review.

Authors: Lin SY, Wang YL, Lin HF, Chen TC, Chen YH, Lu PL Delayed and reversible hearing loss occurred in a 55-year-old male patient with murine typhus infection. The patient had the initial symptoms of headache, fever and chills, followed by the occurrence of bilateral hearing loss on day 9 from fever onset. Murine typhus was diagnosed with high titer of IgM by indirect immunofluorescent assay. After treatment with azithromycin and prednisolone, the fever and other symptoms subsided gradually and bilateral hearing loss improved three weeks later. Though an adverse reaction to azithromycin could not be ruled out, delayed onset of hearing loss is more likely a complication of murine typhus, mainly because the hearing loss did not occur during azithromycin usage period. Although hearing ...

top  

  Enteric Pathogen Sampling of Tourist Restaurants in Bangkok, Thailand

Conclusions. A traveler's risk of exposure to established bacterial pathogens, Salmonella and Campylobacter, by eating in recommended restaurants is small. Arcobacter butzleri exposure risk is 13% per meal eaten, and rises to 75% when 10 meals are eaten. All restaurants, regardless of price, appear to be equally "risky." Current evidence points to Arcobacter being pathogenic in humans; however, further research is needed to conclusively define pathogenicity. Routine prophylaxis for diarrhea is not recommended; however, travelers should be aware of the risk and come prepared with adequate and appropriate self-treatment medications. (Source: Journal of Travel Medicine)

top  

  Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae isolated from intractable acute otitis media internalized into cultured human epithelial cells

Conclusion: The potential of NTHi as the intracellular pathogen may contribute to the persistent existence of this pathogen that result in the prolonged and intractable clinical course of AOM. Azithromycin may be a therapeutically significant antibiotic for patients with prolonged respiratory tract infections due to NTHi. (Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx)

top  

  What are the Risks of Infertility after Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?

This study included patients 14-37 years but without subgroup analysis of adolescents. In another study, these researchers found that barrier methods (especially male condoms) significantly helped to prevent chronic pelvic pain, recurrent PID, and infertility. Questions for Further Discussion 1. What are the recommended treatment options for PID? 2. What are the recommendations for treating partners of patients with known PID and how are the partners contacted locally? 3. What are the legal requirements for treating minors with sexually transmitted infections? Related Cases Disease: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease | Chlamydia Infections Symptom/Presentation: Abdominal Pain | Pelvic Pain | Vaginal Discharge Specialty: Adolescent Medicine | Emergency Medicine | Infectious Diseases | Obstetrics...

top  

  Fibrin ring granulomas in Rickettsia typhi infection

We describe a 71-year-old man hospitalized for fever and productive cough. Laboratory investigation showed anemia, thrombocytopenia, elevated transaminases, hyponatremia, and hypoalbuminemia. Computerized tomography of the abdomen, thorax, and sinuses, echocardiography, and a gallium scan did not reveal the source of the fever. The patient remained febrile despite courses of piperacillin–tazobactam/azithromycin and ceftriaxone/vancomycin. A bone marrow biopsy showed fibrin ring granulomas, and 2 rickettsial serologic panels were positive for Rickettsia typhi infection and negative for Q fever. The patient was given doxycycline, and the fever resolved within 48 h. We propose that fibrin ring granulomas also occur in murine typhus. (Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease)

top  

  Azithromycin: Contact dermatitis following occupational exposure: case report

(Source: Reactions)

top  

  In vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to conventional and novel antimalarial drugs in Papua New Guinea

Objective Recent clinical studies have shown high rates of malaria treatment failure in endemic areas of Papua New Guinea (PNG), necessitating a change of treatment from chloroquine (CQ) or amodiaquine (AQ) plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine to the artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) artemether plus lumefantrine (LM). To facilitate the monitoring of antimalarial drug resistance in this setting, we assessed the in vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Madang Province.Methods A validated colorimetric lactate dehydrogenase assay was used to assess growth inhibition of 64 P. falciparum isolates in the presence of nine conventional or novel antimalarial drugs [CQ, AQ, monodesethyl-amodiaquine (DAQ), piperaquine (PQ), naphthoquine (NQ), mefloquine (MQ), LM, dihydroartemisinin a...

top  

  Impact of Azithromycin Resistant Mutations on the Virulence and Fitness of Chlamydia caviae in Guinea Pigs.

Authors: Binet R, Bowlin AK, Maurelli AT, Rank RG Azithromycin (AZM) is a major drug used in the treatment and prophylaxis of infections caused by Chlamydia, yet no significant clinical resistance has been reported for these obligate intracellular bacteria. Nevertheless, spontaneous AZM resistance (AZM(R)) arose in vitro at frequencies ranging from 3 x 10(-8) to 8 x 10(-10) for clonal isolates of C. caviae which is a natural pathogen of guinea pigs. Sequencing of the unique 23S rRNA gene copy in 44 independent AZM(R) isolates identified single mutations at positions A2058 or A2059 (Escherichia coli numbering system). While SP6AZ1 (A2058C) and SP6AZ2 (A2059C) AZM(R) mutants showed growth defects in cell culture and were less pathogenicin the guinea pig ocular infection model compared to...

top  

  Rupatadine: pharmacological profile and its use in the treatment of allergic rhinitis

Abstract  Rupatadine is a once-daily, non-sedating, selective and long-acting new drug with a strong antagonist activity towards both histamine H1 receptors and platelet-activating factor receptors. The use of rupatadine is indicated in adult and adolescent patients (>12 years of age) suffering from intermittent and persistent allergic rhinitis. In the treatment of these conditions, rupatadine is at least as effective as ebastine, cetirizine, loratadine and desloratadine. Avery good safety profile of rupatadine has been evidenced in various studies, including a long-term (1-year) safety study. Rupatadine does not present drug-drug interactions with azithromycin, fluoxetine and lorazepam, but should not be administered concomitantly with known CYP3A4 inhibitors. Content...

top  

  Emergence of Resistance to Azithromycin‐Atovaquone in Immunocompromised Patients with Babesia microti Infection

Conclusions. B. microti may become resistant to azithromycin‐atovaquone during the treatment of babesiosis with this combined drug regimen in highly immunocompromised patients. Although research is needed to determine the optimal therapy for highly immunocompromised patients with babesiosis, reducing the level of immunosuppression when possible would appear to be a desirable strategy. (Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases Latest Issue)

top  

  Single-dose azithromycin versus seven days of amoxycillin in the treatment of acute otitis media in Aboriginal children (AATAAC): a double blind, randomised controlled trial.

CONCLUSION: Although azithromycin reduced nasal carriage of S. pneumoniae and NCHi, clinical failure was high in both treatment groups. The possibility of weekly azithromycin treatment in children with persistent AOM should be evaluated. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN 12609000691246. PMID: 20047544 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Med J Aust)

top  

  Long-term daily high and low doses of azithromycin in children with cystic fibrosis: A randomized controlled trial

Conclusion: In this randomized controlled trial, we did not find differences in the effect of 2 doses (5mg/kg/day or 15mg/kg/day) of AZM on change in percentage predicted FEV1, clinical scores, Pseudomonas colonization rates, pulmonary exacerbations and need for antibiotics. There was increase in exacerbations after stopping azithromycin in both the groups. Our results also suggest that the decrease in the incidence of LRTI persists only till 6months after discontinuing azithromycin. (Source: Journal of Cystic Fibrosis)

top  

  AZITHROMYCIN (Azithromycin Monohydrate) Injection, Powder, Lyophilized, For Solution [Hospira, Inc.]

Updated Date: Dec 29, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

top  

  In Vitro Activity of CEM-101, a New Fluoroketolide Antibiotic, against Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia (Chlamydophila) pneumoniae.

Authors: Roblin PM, Kohlhoff SA, Parker C, Hammerschlag MR The in vitro activities of CEM-101, telithromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and doxycycline were tested against 10 isolates each of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia (Chlamydophila) pneumoniae. The MIC at which 90% of the isolates of both C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae were inhibited and the minimal bactericidal concentration at which 90% of the isolates were killed by CEM-101 were 0.25 mug/ml (range 0.125-0.5 mug/ml for C. trachomatis and 0.25-1.0 mug/ml for C. pneumoniae). PMID: 20038627 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy)

top  

  Emerging Infections: Global Trends in Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever

Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 50, Issue 2, Page 241-246, 15 January 2010. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever continue to be important causes of illness and death, particularly among children and adolescents in south‐central and Southeast Asia, where enteric fever is associated with poor sanitation and unsafe food and water. High‐quality incidence data from Asia are underpinning efforts to expand access to typhoid vaccines. Efforts are underway to develop vaccines that are immunogenic in infants after a single dose and that can be produced locally in countries of endemicity. The growing importance of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A in Asia is concerning. Antimicrobial resistance has sequentially emerged to traditional first‐line drugs, fluoroquinolones, and third‐ge...

top  

  Azithromycin-containing versus standard triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: A meta-analysis.

CONCLUSION: Our review suggests that azithromycin-containing triple-therapy regimens could be equally effective in eradication of H pylori compared with standard first-line triple-therapy regimens. PMID: 20027685 [PubMed - in process] (Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG)

top  

  A New Strategy for the Identification of Novel Molecules with Targeted Proresolution of Inflammation Properties.

In this study, we present a new strategy to identify therapeutics for their ability to switch inflammation off and restore homeostasis. Injecting 1.0 mg of zymosan i.p. causes transient inflammation characterized by polymorphonuclear neutrophil clearance and dominated by recently described resolution-phase macrophages along with an innate-type lymphocyte repopulation, the latter being a marker of tissue homeostasis. In contrast, 10 mg of zymosan elicits an aggressive response characterized by classically activated macrophages leading to systemic inflammation and impaired lymphocyte repopulation. Although this latter model eventually resolves, it nonetheless represents inflammation in the clinically relevant setting of polymorphonuclear neutrophil/classically activated macrophage dominance ...

top  

  A sensitive method for simultaneous determination of four macrolides by CE with electrochemiluminescence detection and its applications in human urine and tablets

A sensitive method for simultaneous determination of azithromycin (AZI), acetylspiramycin (ACE), erythromycin (ERY), and josamycin (JOS) was developed by CE coupled with electrochemiluminescence detection with Ru(bpy)32+. The parameters related to separation and detection were investigated in detail. The four macrolides were well separated and detected within 6 min under the optimized conditions. The LOD (S/N=3) of AZI, ACE, ERY, and JOS were 1.2×10-9, 7.1×10-9, 3.9×10-8 and 9.5×10-8 mol/L, respectively. The LOQ (S/N=10) of AZI, ACE, ERY, and JOS in human urine were 8.2×10-8, 2.5×10-7, 8.9×10-7 and 1.2×10-6 mol/L, respectively. The recoveries of the four macrolides in human urine and pharmaceutical tablet samples were 85.0-104.0% at different concentration levels. (Source: Electrop...

top  

  Global Trends in Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever

Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever continue to be important causes of illness and death, particularly among children and adolescents in south‐central and Southeast Asia, where enteric fever is associated with poor sanitation and unsafe food and water. High‐quality incidence data from Asia are underpinning efforts to expand access to typhoid vaccines. Efforts are underway to develop vaccines that are immunogenic in infants after a single dose and that can be produced locally in countries of endemicity. The growing importance of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A in Asia is concerning. Antimicrobial resistance has sequentially emerged to traditional first‐line drugs, fluoroquinolones, and third‐generat...

top  

  AZITHROMYCIN (Azithromycin Monohydrate) Injection, Powder, Lyophilized, For Solution [APP Pharmaceuticals, LLC]

Updated Date: Dec 16, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

top  

  Canadian province-level risk factor analysis of macrolide consumption patterns (2000-2006)

Conclusions The impact of associations among macrolide consumption, influenza and socioeconomic factors may reflect inappropriate use of these agents to treat viral infections and/or prescribing for secondary infections, and knowledge of the virus versus bacteria problem and accessibility of healthcare. Further research surrounding differences in access to antimicrobial prescriptions and treatment options between advantaged and disadvantaged populations is suggested to further understand the dynamics of antimicrobial use in Canada. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

top  

  Down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta 2 expression is associated with the reduction of cyclosporin-induced gingival overgrowth in rats treated with roxithromycin: an experimental study

Conclusion: The present data suggest that the down-regulation of TGF-beta 2 expression may be an important mechanism of action by which roxithromycin inhibits GO. (Source: BMC Oral Health - Latest articles)

top  

  A comparison of culture-positive and culture-negative healthcare-associated pneumonia.

CONCLUSION: In this analysis, CN HCAP patients had lower severity of illness, hospital mortality, and hospital length of stay compared to CP patients. These data suggest that CN HCAP patients differ substantially from HCAP patients with positive microbiologic cultures. PMID: 19965954 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chest)

top  

  Modulation of metalloproteinase activity in tuberculosis by Interleukin-17 and anti-tuberculous drugs

Tuberculosis kills 2 million people every year. Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated in tuberculous tissue destruction. We investigated the effect of the Th17 cytokine, Interleukin-17, which contributes to anti-mycobacterial immunity, on MMPs in an in vitro model. Primary airway epithelial cells were stimulated with Interleukin-17, with or without CoMTB (conditioned medium from TB infected monocytes). CoMTB and Interleukin-17 synergistically up-regulated MMP-1 (interstitial collagenase) and MMP-3 (stromelysin) secretion. In contrast, Interleukin-17 down-regulated MMP-9 (gelatinase) secretion. On western analysis, IL-17 drove AkT (Protein Kinase B) phosphorylation. Interleukin-17 and CoMTB driven MMP-3 secretion was abolished by chemical inhibition of the Pi3Kinase pathway and fu...

top  

  The APPLe Study: A Randomized, Community-Based, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Azithromycin for the Prevention of Preterm Birth, with Meta-Analysis

In a randomized trial in Malawi of azithromycin versus placebo in over 2,000 pregnant women, Jim Neilson and colleagues show no benefit of azithromycin for a number of outcomes including preterm birth and prenatal death. (Source: PLoS Medicine)

top  

  Determination of benzalkonium chloride in viscous ophthalmic drops of azithromycin by high-performance liquid chromatography.

In conclusion, this HPLC method using a simple sample treatment procedure appears suitable for monitoring BKC content in azithromycin viscous ophthalmic drops. PMID: 19946951 [PubMed - in process] (Source: J Zhejiang Univ Sci ...)

top  

  The APPLe Study: A Randomized, Community-Based, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Azithromycin for the Prevention of Preterm Birth, with Meta-Analysis

In a randomized trial in Malawi of azithromycin versus placebo in over 2,000 pregnant women, Jim Neilson and colleagues show no benefit of azithromycin for a number of outcomes including preterm birth and prenatal death. (Source: PLoS Medicine)

top  

  The importance of P-glycoprotein multidrug transporter activity measurement in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection.

Authors: Babić Z, Kucisec-Tepes N, Troskot R, Dorosulić Z, Svoboda-Beusan I P-glycoprotein is important in local antibiotic resistance. Aim was to evaluate the role of P-glycoprotein in local antibiotic resistance in patients with antral gastritis during antibiotic therapy to Helicobacter pylori infection. In the group of 53 patients with pathohistologically verified gastritis and microbiologically confirmed H. pylori infection (no signs of antimicrobial resistance) we have determined P-glycoprotein activity in gastric mucosa biopsy specimens, and compared them with the P-glycoprotein activity in 12 control subjects with normal endoscopic findings. The H. pylori positive patients were treated according to Maastricht protocol with short-term 7-day therapy consisting of two a...

top  

  Toxoplasmosis

Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide zoonotic infection. The sexual cycle occurs only in the cat family: only the cat's faeces are infectious; but cysts in animals and birds can cause infection when these are consumed. Acquired acute toxoplasma infection can be asymptomatic or have nonspecific flu-like symptoms. Lymphadenopathy is the most recognized presentation and may last more than six months. Retinochoroiditis is usually a result of reactivated congenital infection. Increasingly recognized is chronic infection producing a chronic fatigue syndrome. Reactivated infections, especially in the immunocompromised, are a major problem and prophylaxis is sometimes required. Toxoplasma status should also be determined before transplantation. Current infection is diagnosed by a high or fou...

top  

  Babesiosis Caused by a Large Babesia Species in 7 Immunocompromised Dogs

A large unnamed Babesia species was detected in a dog with lymphoma. It was unknown if this was an underrecognized pathogen. Report the historical and clinicopathologic findings in 7 dogs with babesiosis caused by a large unnamed Babesia species characterize the 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) genes. Seven immunocompromised dogs from which the Babesia was isolated. Retrospective case review. Cases were identified by a diagnostic laboratory, the attending clinicians were contacted and the medical records were reviewed. The Babesia sp. 18S rRNA genes were amplified and sequenced. Six of 7 dogs had been splenectomized; the remaining dog was receiving oncolytic drugs. Lethargy, anorexia, fever, and pigmenturia were reported in 6/7, 6/7, 4/7, and 3/7 dogs. Laboratory findings included mil...

top  

  Synthesis and antibacterial activity of novel 3-O-carbamoyl derivatives of clarithromycin and 11,12-cyclic carbonate azithromycin.

Authors: Zhang L, Song L, Liu Z, Li H, Lu Y, Li Z, Ma S Two series of novel 3-O-carbamoyl derivatives of clarithromycin and 11,12-cyclic carbonate azithromycin were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activities. Compounds 4j and 4k were the most potent activity against erythromycin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae, which were comparable to those of clarithromycin and azithromycin. Compounds 4d, 4h and 4i showed potent activity against erythromycin-resistant S. pneumoniae encoded by the mef gene and compounds 4h and 4i displayed greatly improved activity against erythromycin-resistant S. pneumoniae encoded by the erm gene. Compound 7c exhibited improved activity against erythromycin-resistant S. pneu...

top  

  Neglected Diseases Caused By Bacterial Infections.

Authors: Bechtle M, Chen S, Efferth T Bacterial infections represent a major health problem, especially in third world countries. In endemic regions, large populations of people are greatly affected, but the medical care is very limited. In this review, the neglected diseases buruli ulcer and trachoma are elucidated. Buruli ulcer is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans which produces an outstanding immunosuppressive toxin mycolactone that induces an ulcerative, necrotic skin disease. Until today, only the combination of rifampin/streptomycin is used to treat buruli ulcer. However, this therapy is ineffective and expensive. Here, we report new findings that suggest pharmaceutical formulations such as rifapentine, in combination with clarithromycin or moxifloxacin that have shown promising r...

top  

  Effect of Azithromycin on Acute Inflammatory Lesions and Colonic Bacterial Load in a Murine Model of Experimental Colitis

Conclusions  We documented the anti-inflammatory effect of azithromycin in a murine model of acute colitis, suggesting that effects were targeted to oxidative burst and on mucosal/bacterial interface, independent of luminal bacterial load. Further studies should be focused on effect of azithromycin on the role of bacterial biofilm in perpetuation of chronic intestinal inflammation. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s10620-009-1034-7Authors Sanja Pleško, Clinical Hospital Center Department for Clinical and Molecular Microbiology Kispaticeva 12 Zagreb CroatiaMarko Banić, University Hospital “Dubrava” Division of Gastroenterology Zagreb CroatiaVanda Plečko, Clinical Hospital Center Department for Clinical and Molecular Microbiology Ki...

top  

  Comparison of the Effect of Azithromycin Versus Erythromycin on Antroduodenal Pressure Profiles of Patients with Chronic Functional Gastrointestinal Pain and Gastroparesis

Conclusions  Azithromycin stimulates antral activity similar to erythromycin and moreover has a longer duration of effect. However, unlike erythromycin, azithromycin does not have significant drug–drug interactions and may be a potential new medication for the treatment of gastroparesis and gastrointestinal dysmotility. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s10620-009-1038-3Authors Baharak Moshiree, University of Florida Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition 1600 Southwest Archer Road PO Box 100214 Gainesville FL 32610 USARenee McDonald, University of Florida Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition 1600 Southwest Archer Road PO Box 100214 Gainesville FL 32610 USAWei Hou, University of Florida Division of B...

top  

  Anti-Malaria Trial in Tanzanian Children Halted When Combo Therapy Fails

The combination of azithromycin and artesunate is ineffective against malaria or acute febrile illness in children who live in African regions where antimalarial drug resistance is prevalent, according to a report in the October 15th Clinical Infectious Diseases. Reuters Health Information (Source: Medscape Today Headlines)

top  

  Macrolides, Ketolides, and Glycylcyclines: Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Telithromycin, Tigecycline

The advanced macrolides, azithromycin and clarithromycin, and the ketolide, telithromycin, are structural analogs of erythromycin. They have several distinct advantages when compared with erythromycin, including enhanced spectrum of activity, more favorable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, once-daily administration, and improved tolerability. Clarithromycin and azithromycin are used extensively for the treatment of respiratory tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases, and Helicobacter pylori–associated peptic ulcer disease. Telithromycin is approved for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Severe hepatotoxicity has been reported with the use of telithromycin. (Source: Infectious Diseases Clinics of North America)

top  

  A variant of the Southern German clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is predominant in Croatia

Clin Microbiol Infect The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility patterns and molecular epidemiology of clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates recovered in 24 hospitals in 20 cities in Croatia from October to December 2004. A total of 1815 consecutive S. aureus isolates were recovered, 248 of which were MRSA. The MRSA isolates were analysed using spa typing, multilocus sequence typing and SCCmec typing. Furthermore, the presence of Panton[ndash]Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes was determined as a genetic marker for community-associated MRSA. The MRSA prevalence was 14%. Ninety-six per cent of the MRSA isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 95% to clindamycin and azithromycin, 94% to gentamicin, and 93% to erythromycin. The...

top  

  Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome Associated with Azithromycin in a 62-Year-Old Man

We present a case of a 62-year-old male patient who developed vanishing bile duct syndrome a month after Stevens-Johnson syndrome. These adverse drug reactions were associated with the use of azithromycin (500 mg daily for 3 days). The patient was initially treated for Stevens-Johnson syndrome with steroids, antihistamines and proton pump inhibitors and fully recovered. However, a month after the beginning of Stevens-Johnson syndrome, he developed vanishing bile duct syndrome and was treated with steroids, ursodeoxycholic acid, antihistamines and tacrolimus. Unfortunately, the treatment was unsuccessful and he was listed for liver transplantation which was performed 7 months after the beginning of jaundice. This is the first case of vanishing bile duct syndrome associated with the use of a...

top  

  The possible role of systemic azithromycin for idiopathic iridocyclitis

(Source: Acta Ophthalmologica)

top  

  Estimation of effects of community intervention with Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness, and Environmental improvement (A,F,E) in five districts of Ethiopia hyper-endemic for trachoma.

CONCLUSION: These findings are important since they make the case for continued implementing the A,F,E interventions simultaneously, and suggest appropriate timing of SAFE evaluations within 6-12 months after the last mass azithromycin distribution. PMID: 19897474 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology)

top  

  Inspire Completes Patient Enrollment in Three Late-Stage Clinical Trials in Cystic Fibrosis, Dry Eye and Blepharitis

DURHAM, N.C.--(HSMN NewsFeed)--Inspire Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: ISPH ) announced today patient enrollment is complete in three of its late-stage clinical trials. “We are pleased to be executing on our strategic plan with the achievement of these p... Biopharmaceuticals, OphthalmologyInspire Pharmaceuticals, PROLACRIA, AZASITE, azithromycin, Denufosol (Source: HSMN NewsFeed)

top  

  In vitro activity of cem-101 against streptococcus pneumoniae and streptococcus pyogenes with defined macrolide resistance mechanisms.

IN VITRO ACTIVITY OF CEM-101 AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE AND STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES WITH DEFINED MACROLIDE RESISTANCE MECHANISMS. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 Nov 2; Authors: McGhee P, Clark C, Kosowska-Shick K, Nagai K, Dewasse B, Beachel L, Appelbaum PC CEM-101 had an MIC range against macrolide-susceptible pneumococci of 0.002-0.016 mug/ml and of 0.004-1 mug/ml against macrolide-resistant phenotypes. Only 3 strains with erm(B) +/- mef(A) had CEM-101 MICs of 1 mug/ml and 218/221 strains had CEM-101 MICs </=0.5 mug/ml. CEM-101 MICs were up to 4-fold lower than those of telithromycin against all strains. Against Streptococcus pyogenes, CEM-101 MICs ranged between 0.008-0.03 mug/ml against macrolide-susceptible, and 0.015-1 mug/ml against -resistant strains. Against...

top  

  Bioequivalence study of two azithromycin formulations in healthy subjects.

In this study, the mean AUCt, AUCinf, Cmax, and t1/2 of azithromycin from the test drug were 4967.49 ng x h x mL(-1), 5871.74 ng x h x mL(-1), 412.14 ng/mL, and 51.32 h, respectively. The mean AUCt, AUCinf, Cmax, and t1/2 of azithromycin from the reference drug were 4276.75 ng x h x mL(-1), 5578.12 ng x h x mL(-1), 419.89 ng/mL, and 51.23 h, respectively. The median tmax of he test drug and reference drug were 3.0 h and 2.0 h, respectively. The geometric mean ratios (90% CI) of the test drug/reference drug for azithromycin were 101.56% (86.61-119.08%) for AUCt, 101.27% (84.97-120.70%) for AUCinf, and 97.78% (84.50-113.16%) for Cmax. Based on this study, it was concluded that the two azithromycin tablets (test and reference drug) were bioequivalent in terms of the rate and extent of absorpt...

top  

  Ocular Surface Distribution and Pharmacokinetics of a Novel Ophthalmic 1% Azithromycin Formulation

Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Oct 2009, Vol. 25, No. 5: 433-440. (Source: Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics)

top  

  The pharmacokinetic properties of azithromycin in pregnancy.

Authors: Salman S, Rogerson SJ, Kose K, Griffin S, Gomorai S, Baiwog F, Winmai J, Kandai J, Karunajeewa HA, O'Halloran SJ, Siba P, Ilett KF, Mueller I, Davis TM Azithromycin (AZI) is an azalide antibiotic with antimalarial activity that is considered safe in pregnancy. To assess its pharmacokinetic properties when administered as intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp), two 2 g doses were given 24 h apart to 31 pregnant and 29 age-matched non-pregnant Papua New Guinean women. All subjects also received single-dose sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP; 1500mg/75mg) or chloroquine (450 mg base daily for three days). Blood samples were taken at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24, 32, 40, 48 and 72 h, and on days 4, 5, 7, 10 and 14 for AZI assay by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-ta...

top  

  Penetration of azithromycin in experimental pleural empyema fluid.

Authors: Saroglou M, Ismailos G, Tryfon S, Liapakis I, Papalois A, Bouros D There were no data about the extent of azithromycin penetration into the empyemic pleural fluid in humans and in experimental animals. An empyema was created via the intrapleural injection of an Escherichia coli solution into the pleural space of New Zealand white rabbits. After an empyema was verified by thoracocentesis, 24h post inoculation, azithromycin (15mg/kg) was administered intravenously. Antibiotic levels were determined in samples of pleural fluid and blood serum, collected serially at 2, 8, 24, 48 and 72h, after administration. Azithromycin levels were estimated using an HPLC analytical method with fluorimetric detection. Azithromycin penetrated well into the empyemic pleural fluid, exhibiting a slo...

top  

  Campylobacter jejuni Strain CG8421: A Refined Model for the Study of Campylobacteriosis and Evaluation of Campylobacter Vaccines in Human Subjects

Conclusions. The C. jejuni CG8421 challenge model provides a safe and effective tool, without the risk of Guillain‐Barré syndrome. The model demonstrates high attack rates after lower doses of challenge inoculum, provides further understanding of immunologic responses, and permits future investigation of candidate Campylobacter vaccines. (Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases Latest Issue)

top  

  Azithromycin: Myasthenic crisis in a patient with myasthenia gravis: case report

(Source: Reactions)

top  

  Effects of interactions of antibacterial drugs with each other and with 6-mercaptopurine on in vitro growth of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis

Conclusions This in vitro study suggests that 6-mercaptopurine may be synergistic with macrolides and rifamycin derivatives against MAP. The activity of clarithromycin against MAP seems to be enhanced by rifampicin. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

top  

  Antibacterial class is not obviously important in outpatient pneumonia: a meta-analysis

Source: DARE Area: Evidence > Disease Focused Reviews CRD Summary: This review assessed whether improved clinical and mortality outcomes are achieved for outpatient community acquired pneumonia treated with antibacterials with coverage against atypical organisms. The authors concluded that there was no evidence of superiority for any drug comparison. Given some methodological uncertainties identified in the review process, the extent to which this conclusion was reliable was unclear. [The included studies assessed the following oral therapies at differing doses: fluoroquinolones (moxifloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, grepafloxacin, trovafloxacin); macrolides (clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin); cephalosporins (cefaclor, cefixime, ceftidoren, cefuroxime); and penicillin (am...

top  

  Escherichia coli as Reservoir for Macrolide Resistance Genes.

Authors: Phuc Nguyen MC, Woerther PL, Bouvet M, Andremont A, Leclercq R, Canu A The plasmid-borne mph(A) gene that confers resistance to azithromycin and has recently emerged in Shigella sonnei is present in multidrug- and non-multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from 4 continents. Further spread of mph(A) to Shigella and Salmonella spp. may be expected. PMID: 19861064 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases)

top  

  Comparison of azithromycin and metronidazole in a quadruple-therapy regimen for <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> eradication in dyspepsia

Conclusion: &lt;/b&gt; No significant difference exists between the two quadruple-therapy regimens that were tested. (Source: The Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology)

top  

  Anti-inflammatory effects of antibacterials on human bronchial epithelial cells

Background: Human Bronchial epithelial cells (hu-BEC) have been claimed to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory airway diseases like COPD. In this context IL-8 and GM-CSF have been shown to be key cytokines. Some antibiotics which are routinely used to treat lower respiratory tract infections have been shown to exert additional immunomodulatory or anti-inflammatory effects. We investigated whether these effects can also be detected in hu-BEC. Methods: Hu-BEC obtained from patients undergoing lung resections were transferred to air-liquid-interface (ALI) culture. These cultures were incubated with cefuroxime (CXM, 10-62.5 mg/l), azithromycin (AZM, 0.1-1.5 mg/l), levofloxacin (LVX, 1-8 mg/l) and moxifloxacin (MXF, 1-16 mg/l). The spontaneous and TNF-alpha (10 n...

top  

  Azithromycin plus Artesunate versus Artemether‐Lumefantrine for Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria in Tanzanian Children: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Conclusions. This trial does not support the use of AZ+AS as treatment for malaria or acute febrile illness in children in areas of Africa with high levels of existing antimalarial drug resistance. Clinical trials registration. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00694694. (Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases Latest Issue)

top  

  Efficacy of antibiotic therapy for SAPHO syndrome is lost after its discontinuation: interventional study

Conclusions: For the period of application, the antibiotic therapy seems to have controlled the disease. After antibiotics discontinuation however, disease relapse was observed. SAPHO syndrome thus groups with other chronic inflammatory arthropathies with a need of permanent therapy. (Source: Arthritis Research and Therapy)

top  

  The Cochrane Library and Treatment for Community Acquired Pneumonia in Children: An Overview of Reviews

Globally, pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children and also results in significant morbidity. The most common treatment options include anti-pyretics and antibiotics. Other treatments include vitamins and over-the-counter cough syrup.This overview presents a summary of the results of previous Cochrane reviews on the treatment of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children.The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was searched for all systematic reviews examining the treatment of pediatric pneumonia or lower respiratory tract infections. All reviews that were under the heading "pneumonia" on the Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) Group's Topic List and the ARI group were consulted. Data were extracted and entered into tables; data were synthesized using qualitati...

top  

  Azithromycin ophthalmic drops require special preparation [News and Features]

(Source: AAP News)

top  

  Evaluation of three years of the SAFE strategy (Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness and Environmental improvement) for trachoma control in five districts of Ethiopia hyperendemic for trachoma

Summary: Trachoma surveys were conducted at baseline in five districts of Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia (7478 participants in 1096 households) and at 3-year evaluation (5762 participants in 1117 households). Uptake of SAFE was assessed with programme monitoring data and interviews, and children (1–6 years) were swabbed for detection of ocular Chlamydia. At evaluation, 23933 people had received trichiasis surgery; 93% of participants reported taking azithromycin at least once; 67% of household respondents (range 46–93) reported participation in trachoma health education; and household latrine coverage increased from 2% to 34%. In children aged 1–9 years percentage decline, by district, for outcomes was: 32% (95% CI 19–48) to 88% (95% CI 83–91) for trachomatous inflammat...

top  

  Complete Local Elimination of Infectious Trachoma from Severely Affected Communities after Six Biannual Mass Azithromycin Distributions

Conclusions: Biannual mass distribution of azithromycin can locally eliminate ocular chlamydial infection from severely affected communities.Financial Disclosure(s): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article. (Source: Ophthalmology)

top  

  The role of efflux pumps in macrolide resistance in Mycobacterium avium complex

This study demonstrates that efflux pumps play an important role in MAC resistance to antibiotics. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)

top  

  Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Mycoplasma genitalium by broth dilution and quantitative PCR.

Authors: Hamasuna R, Jensen JS, Osada Y Only limited information regarding the antimicrobial susceptibilities of Mycoplasma genitalium is available because of difficulties in isolating M. genitalium strains from clinical specimens. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of 15 clinical isolates, 7 ATCC strains and an early-passage of the M30 strain were examined by the broth-dilution method. Azithromycin, clarithromycin, sitafloxacin and moxifloxacin were the most active drugs to M. genitalium and their MIC90 values were 0.002, 0,008, 0.125 and 0.125 mg/liter, respectively. PMID: 19738019 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy)

top  

  Efficacy of Short Course,

Conclusion: There is no evidence of an increased risk of treatment failure with short course of antibiotics for acute otitis media. Among the short-course regimens, azithromycin use was associated with a lower risk of treatment failure while short-acting oral antibiotics and parenteral ceftriaxone may be associated with a higher risk of treatment failure. PMID: 19736367 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Indian Pediatrics)

top  

  Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in lactating dairy cows with subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus

In this study, it was determined that the production level and the mammary health status have an influence on PK parameters of azithromycin treatments in bovine mastitis. (Source: Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics)

top  

  Influence of ABCB1 gene polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of azithromycin among healthy Chinese Han ethnic subjects.

Authors: He XJ, Zhao LM, Qiu F, Sun YX, Li-Ling J The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ABCB1 gene polymorphisms on azithromycin pharmacokinetics in Chinese Han ethnic subjects. In total, 20 healthy volunteers with various ABCB1 genotypes (6 with 2677GG/3435CC, 8 with 2677GT/3435CT, 6 with 2677TT/3435TT) were enrolled. Each was given a single oral dose of 500 mg azithromycin. Plasma concentration was measured for up to 96 h by LC/MS/MS. As shown, C(max) was significantly lower among individuals with 2677TT/3435TT genotype (468.0 +/- 173.4 ng x h/ml) than those with 2677GG/3435CC (911.2 +/- 396.4 ng x h/ml, p = 0.013). However, the t(max) value was higher among subjects with 2677TT/3435TT (2.0 +/- 0.5 h) than those with 2677GT/3435CT (1.6 +/- 0.3 h) or 2677GG/3435CC (1.4 ...

top  

  ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION: Effect of Mass Distribution of Azithromycin for Trachoma Control on Overall Mortality in Ethiopian Children: A Randomized Trial

Conclusion  In a trachoma-endemic area, mass distribution of oral azithromycin was associated with reduced mortality in children. Trial Registration  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00322972 (Source: JAMA)

top  

  Incidence and risk factors of aplastic anemia in Latin American countries: the LATIN case-control study.

Conclusions The incidence of aplastic anemia in Latin America countries is low. Although the research study centers had a high coverage of health services, the underreporting of cases of aplastic anemia in selected regions can be discussed. Frequent exposure to benzene-based products increases the risk for aplastic anemia. Few associations with specific drugs were found, and it is likely that some of these were due to chance alone. PMID: 19734415 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Haematologica)

top  

  Availability of antibiotics for purchase without a prescription on the internet.

CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotics are freely available for purchase on the Internet without a prescription, a phenomenon that encourages self-medication and low quality of care. PMID: 19752471 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Annals of Family Medicine)

top  

  Toxoplasma gondii: a simple Real-time PCR assay to quantify the proliferation of the apicoplast.

Authors: Wu L, Chen SX, Jiang XG, Cao JP A Real-time quantitative PCR assay to quantify the Toxoplasma gondii apicoplast was studied. Primers were designed to amplify a 305 bp product specific to T. gondii apicoplast. Standard curves were generated for both T. gondii apicoplast DNA and genomic DNA, and were used to compute the relative concentration of apicoplast DNA copies in the test samples. The results indicated that the copies of T. gondii apicoplast DNA was significantly low when exposed to ciprofloxacin, clindamycin and azithromycin for 48 h in the second infectious cycle. Our study shows that the Real-time PCR technique is a simple and quick technique for screening the anti-apicoplast drugs. PMID: 19720060 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Experimental Parasitolo...

top  

  Update on Babesiosis

Human babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne infectious disease caused by intraerythrocytic protozoan species of the genus Babesia with many clinical features similar to those of malaria. Over the last 50 years, the epidemiology of human babesiosis has changed from a few isolated cases to the establishment of endemic areas in the northeastern and midwestern United States. Episodic cases are reported in Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America. The severity of infection ranges from asymptomatic infection to fulminant disease resulting in death, although the majority of healthy adults experience a mild-to-moderate illness. People over the age of 50 years and immunocompromised individuals are at the highest risk of severe disease, including those with malignancy, HIV, lacking a spleen, or receiv...

top  

  Azithromycin Inhibits Vertical Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Calomys callosus (Rodentia: Cricetidae)

In conclusion, the treatment with azithromycin showed to be more effective, since it was capable to inhibit the vertical transmission of T. gondii in this model of congenital toxoplasmosis. (Source: Placenta)

top  

  Azithromycin: Agranulocytosis (first report) in an elderly patient: case report

(Source: Reactions)

top  

  Overall Antibiotic Prescription Rates For Respiratory Tract Infections Decreasing

From 1995 to 2006 the rate of antibiotic prescriptions for acute respiratory tract infections decreased significantly, attributable in part to a decline in ambulatory visits for ear infections in young children, according to a new study. But prescription rates for broad spectrum antibiotics, namely azithromycin and quinolones, increased substantially during the study period. (Source: ScienceDaily Headlines)

top  

  ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION: Antibiotic Prescription Rates for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in US Ambulatory Settings

Conclusions  Overall antibiotic prescription rates for ARTI decreased, associated with fewer OM visits in children younger than 5 years and with fewer prescriptions for ARTI for which antibiotics are rarely indicated. However, prescription rates for broad-spectrum antibiotics increased significantly. (Source: JAMA)

top  

  Trachoma mass treatment with azithromycin 1.5% eye drops in Cameroon: feasibility, tolerance and effectiveness.

CONCLUSION: Mass treatment with azithromycin 1.5% eye drops is therefore feasible, well tolerated, and effective. PMID: 19692356 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology)

top  

  Azithromycin: Alveolar haemorrhage (first report) in an elderly patient: case report

(Source: Reactions)

top  

  Simultaneous Determination of Several Antibiotics: Application to Human Plasma Extracts, and Impurities and Degradants in Drug Preparations

This application note describes a gradient HPLC-EC Array method for the determination of beta-lactam and macrolide antibiotics. The method has low pg sensitivity, a wide dynamic range, excellent linearity and demonstrates the determination of vancomycin, azithromycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, oleandomycin and amoxicillin in extracts of human plasma. Impurities and degradants in pharmaceuticals were determined at the 0.1% level. (Source: PharmaManufacturing.com)

top  

  Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 3 among Costa Rican Children with Otitis Media: clinical, epidemiological characteristics and antimicrobial resistance patterns

Conclusion: Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 is an important pathogen in Costa Rican children with otitis media, especially in children older than 24 months of age (P=0.05). Most serotype 3 isolates were susceptible to penicillin, cephalosporins, macrolides and quinolones. (Source: BMC Pediatrics - Latest articles)

top  

  BSAC standardized disc susceptibility testing method (version 8)

There have been considerable changes to the format of the recommendations since the previous version (version 7). The majority of the footnotes to the tables have been removed and the notations added to the end column; it is hoped that this change will avoid confusion in interpretation. Antibiotics have been separated into groups, e.g. β-lactams, aminoglycosides, etc. Recommendations for urinary tract infections (UTIs) have been removed for most agents except for those that are administered solely for the treatment of uncomplicated UTIs or where there are limited recommendations for specific organisms, e.g. trimethoprim. For agents that previously had dual recommendations, systemic recommendations remain and the intermediate category can be used for interpretation for UTIs because int...

top  

  Molecular characterization of macrolide resistance determinants [erm(B) and mef(A)] in Streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans group streptococci (VGS) isolated from adult patients with cystic fibrosis (CF)

Conclusions Long-term treatment with azithromycin in CF patients may reduce antibiotic susceptibility in commensal VGS, where these organisms may potentially act as a reservoir of macrolide resistance determinants for newly acquired and antibiotic-susceptible pathogens. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

top  

  [Correspondence] 3-monthly azithromycin administration for trachoma

Jenafir House and colleagues (March 28, p 1111) elegantly demonstrate the “herd protection” effect of antimicrobials by treating African children aged 1–10 years for trachoma. (Source: LANCET)

top  

  [Correspondence] 3-monthly azithromycin administration for trachoma – Authors' reply

As Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar and colleagues point out, community-wide azithromycin distributions can increase the prevalence of macrolide resistance in commensal, nasopharyngeal pneumococci. Although this point is concerning, several factors could lessen the effect of such resistance. (Source: LANCET)

top  

  Disseminated Mycobacterium kansasii infection associated with hemophagocytic syndrome

Abstract: Disseminated infections with hemophagocytic syndrome caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are rare. A 60-year-old woman, who presented with fever, chills, anorexia, and right upper quadrant pain, was admitted to our hospital. Hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, elevated liver aminotransferases, and hyperferritinemia were noted after admission. A gallium scan and chest computed tomography revealed multiple mediastinal lymphadenopathy. A bone marrow examination revealed hemophagocytosis. Bone marrow and liver biopsies showed non-caseating granulomatosis and cultures from bone marrow and liver all yielded Mycobacterium kansasii. The patient responded well to azithromycin, isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol. No immunocompromised conditions such as malignancy, autoimmune diseas...

top  

  Emerging pneumococcal carriage serotypes in a high-risk population receiving 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine since 2001.

Conclusions: Pneumococcal carriage remains high (~ 80%) in this vaccinated population. Uptake of both pneumococcal vaccines increased, and carriage was reduced between 2003 and 2005. Predominant serotypes in combined years were 16F, 19A, 11A, 6C and 23B. Antimicrobial non-susceptibility was detected in these and 17 additional serotypes. Shifts in serotype-specific carriage suggest a need more research to clarify the association between pneumococcal vaccination and carriage at the serotype level. (Source: BMC Infectious Diseases)

top  

  Effects of azithromycin on glutathione S-transferases in cystic fibrosis airway cells.

Authors: Bergamini G, Cigana C, Sorio C, Della Peruta M, Pompella A, Corti A, Huaux FA, Leal T, Assael BM, Melotti P Anti-inflammatory properties of azithromycin (AZM) have been proposed as possible mechanisms of clinical beneficial effects in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Altered glutathione (GSH) transport in cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator protein (CFTR)-deficient cells leads to the occurrence of oxidative stress that finally induces glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. The present investigation was aimed to verify the effects of AZM on GST activity and expression in CF airway cells in vitro and in vivo. AZM exposure significantly decreased GSTT1 and GSTM1 mRNA and protein expression in IB3-1, restoring the levels to those observed in non-CF C38 cells, which also ...

top  

  Cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth in New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

Authors: Jean SM, Sharma P, Taylor D, Mook D A high incidence of gingival overgrowth occurred in a group of New Zealand White rabbits receiving daily cyclosporine (15 mg/kg IM) while on a retinoblastoma study. Over the course of 2 mo, rabbits presented with clinical signs of ptyalism (4 of 18 rabbits), inappetence (3 of 18), or both (3 of 18); facial dermatitis and erythema occurred secondary to ptyalism. Reducing the dose of cyclosporine to 10 mg/kg led to complete resolution of clinical signs in all but 2 rabbits, which then received azithromycin (62.5 mg PO once daily for 7 d), a common treatment for cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth in other species. After dose reduction and azithromycin treatment, clinical signs resolved and did not reoccur for the remainder of the study. F...

top  

  Association of acute urticaria with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in hospitalized children.

CONCLUSION: This study found that in Taiwan one-third of acute childhood urticaria leading to patient hospitalization was related to M pneumoniae infection. Therefore, children with urticaria who are not responding to antihistamine treatment and abstinence from food allergens should be encouraged to undergo serologic examinations for M pneumoniae to diagnose this antibiotic-responsive disorder. PMID: 19739426 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology)

top  

  Azithromycin is now funded for cystic fibrosis in New Zealand

(Source: PharmacoEconomics and Outcomes News)

top  

  Azasite (Azithromycin Ophthalmic Solution) - updated on RxList

Azasite (Azithromycin Ophthalmic Solution) drug description - FDA approved labeling for prescription drugs and medications at RxList (Source: RxList - New and Updated Drug Monographs)

top  

  Azithromycin is now funded for cystic fibrosis in New Zealand,.

Page: 11 (Source: PharmacoEconomics & Outcomes News)

top  

  Emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica in Surabaya, Indonesia

Abstract: Typhoid fever remains a major health problem in developing countries. Fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin emerged as the 1st-choice treatment of enteric fever, including typhoid, in the 1990s. Recently, Salmonella typhi strains with resistance to ciprofloxacin have been increasingly reported in several countries, although the fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical strain has not been reported in Indonesia. In the present study, we examined the drug susceptibility and the presence of gyrA mutations in 17 clinical strains of S. typhi isolated from Surabaya, Indonesia, in 2006 (9 strains) and 2008 (8 strains). Although all 9 isolates from 2006 were sensitive to all tested antibiotics and had no mutation in the gyrA gene, all 8 isolates from 2008 were resistant to nalidixic acid and a...

top  

  Screening for asymptomatic chlamydia in women - how often would gonorrhoea be missed?

In conclusion, additional testing for GC should be considered in local NCSP protocols where there is a high prevalence of both infections. (Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS)

top  

  Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Presenting as Painless Jaundice

A 52-year-old woman was admitted with fatigue and jaundice. Two weeks before admission she developed malaise and dyspnea on exertion. Initially, her primary care provider prescribed azithromycin for presumed bronchitis. Her symptoms did not improve, and she subsequently developed jaundice, prompting further evaluation. (Source: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology)

top  

  Macrolide-Induced Digoxin Toxicity: A Population-Based Study.

Authors: Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Juurlink DN In this 15-year, population-based, nested case-control study, we investigated the association between hospitalization for digoxin toxicity and recent exposure to individual macrolide antibiotics. Clarithromycin was associated with the highest risk of digoxin toxicity (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 14.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.9-27.9), whereas erythromycin and azithromycin were associated with much lower risk (adjusted OR 3.7; 95% CI 1.7-7.9; and adjusted OR 3.7; 95% CI 1.1-12.5, respectively). We found no increased risk with a neutral comparator, cefuroxime (adjusted OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.2-3.4).Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2009); advance online publication 15 July 2009. doi:10.1038/clpt.2009.127. PMID: 19606089 [PubMed - as supp...

top  

  Comparison of three methods for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis to 11 antimicrobial drugs

Conclusions This study shows that the MGIT system can be used for rapid and reliable drug susceptibility testing of MAP. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

top  

  Emergence of high-level azithromycin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in England and Wales

Conclusions High-level azithromycin resistance has emerged in England and Wales. Contact tracing and typing data suggest this may have originated from Scotland. Surveillance of azithromycin resistance will be key in controlling its further dissemination. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)

top  

  Combination antibiotic susceptibility of biofilm-grown Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fibrosis

This study identified potentially effective antibiotic combinations to guide the empirical treatment of CF pulmonary exacerbations. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Brief ReportDOI 10.1007/s10096-009-0774-9Authors L. Dales, University of Ottawa The Ottawa Health Research Institute Ottawa ON CanadaW. Ferris, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Ottawa ON CanadaK. Vandemheen, University of Ottawa The Ottawa Health Research Institute Ottawa ON CanadaS. D. Aaron, University of Ottawa The Ottawa Health Research Institute Ottawa ON Canada Journal European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious DiseasesOnline ISSN 1435-4373Print ISSN 0934-9723 (Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases)

top  

  Systematic review: the epidemiology and clinical features of travellers' diarrhoea

Conclusions Diarrhoea will continue to plague international travellers to high-risk regions. More studies of the incidence rate, relative important of the various pathogens by geographical region of the world, host risk factors and optimal therapeutic approach are needed. (Source: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics)

top  

  Joint Decisions

A 58-year-old woman presented with fever, arthralgia, and a rash on her hands, arms, and feet. The rash and other symptoms had appeared about 2 weeks before, 2 days into a 5-day course of azithromycin that was prescribed for a sinus infection. Her complete blood count, liver function tests, blood urea nitrogen test, creatinine level, partial thromboplastin time, and prothrombin time were normal, but erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein were elevated. Chest radiograph was normal. What's your diagnosis? See Joint Decisions page 15. (Source: Rheumatology News)

top  

  Lack of macrolide resistance in Chlamydia trachomatis after mass azithromycin distributions for trachoma.

Authors: Hong KC, Schachter J, Moncada J, Zhou Z, House J, Lietman TM We investigated antimicrobial drug resistance in ocular Chlamydia trachomatis 18 months after 4 biannual communitywide distributions of antimicrobial drugs in a region of Ethiopia where ocular strains of C. trachomatis are highly endemic. We found no significant differences in susceptibilities to azithromycin and doxycycline in 6 posttreatment and 4 pretreatment samples. PMID: 19624926 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases)

top  

  AZASITE (Azithromycin) Solution [Inspire Pharmaceuticals, Inc.]

Updated Date: Jun 30, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

top  

  The effect of azithromycin and Chlamydophilia pneumonia infection on expansion of small abdominal aortic aneurysms - A prospective randomized double-blind trial

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of azithromycin on the expansion rate of small abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), and to determine whether or not a correlation exists between serological markers for Chlamydophilia pneumonia (Cpn) infection and AAA expansion.Methods: Nine vascular centers were included and 259 patients were invited to participate. Ten patients declined and 2 patients had chronic kidney failure, leaving a total of 247 patients. Inclusion criteria were: AAA 35-49 mm and age (Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery)

top  

  Azithromycin Effective Against M. Genitalium

Men with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) due to Mycoplasma genitalium appear to be most effectively treated with azithromycin. Reuters Health Information (Source: Medscape Urology Headlines)

top  

  Cellular accumulation and pharmacodynamic evaluation of the Intracellular activity of CEM-101, a novel fluoroketolide, towards Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Legionella pneumophila in human THP-1 macrophages.

Authors: Lemaire S, Van Bambeke F, Tulkens PM CEM-101 is a novel fluoroketolide with lower MICs compared to telithromycin and macrolides. Our aim was to assess the cellular accumulation and intracellular activity of CEM-101 using models developed for analyzing the pharmacokinetics and pharmacological properties of antibiotics against phagocytized bacteria. We used THP-1 macrophages and S. aureus (ATCC 25923 [methicillin-sensitive]), L. monocytogenes (strain EGD), and L. pneumophila (ATCC 33153). CEM 101 reached cellular to extracellular concentration ratios of about 350 within 24 h (vs. approximately 20, 30 and 160 for telithromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin). This intracellular accumulation was suppressed by incubation at pH </= 6 and by monensin (proton ionophore), and was...

top  

  Annual macrolide prescription rates and the emergence of macrolide resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada from 1995 to 2005

Abstract: Over the last 20 years, Canadian pneumococcal surveillance studies have documented a steady rise in macrolide resistance. In the current study, we probed the nature of associations between the emergence of macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada and changes in macrolide (azithromycin, clarithromycin and erythromycin) prescription rates. Macrolide susceptibility testing data for respiratory tract isolates of S. pneumoniae (n=15109) were acquired from two published national Canadian surveillance databases, and dispensed outpatient macrolide prescription data were acquired from the proprietary Intercontinental Medical Statistics (IMS) Health Canada CompuScript database. Nationally, macrolide resistance increased from 3.7% in 1995 to 19.0% in 2005 (P=0.003) as the annu...

top  

  Risks revealed of statins and azithromycin combination

Patients who take macrolide antibiotics alongside statins may be at risk of serious muscle damage, new research suggests. (Source: Pulse Today Clinical Updates)

top  

  Severe Dysglycemia with the Fluoroquinolones: A Class Effect?

Conclusions. The odds of severe hypo‐ and hyperglycemia were significantly greater with gatifloxacin and levofloxacin, but not ciprofloxacin, than with azithromycin. Thus, the risk of a clinically relevant dysglycemic event appears to vary among the fluoroquinolones. (Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases Latest Issue)

top  

  ZITHROMAX (Azithromycin) Tablet, Film Coated ZITHROMAX (Azithromycin) Powder, For Suspension [Pfizer Labs]

Updated Date: Jun 19, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))

top  

  Acute Chlamydia pneumoniae Reinfection Accelerates the Development of Insulin Resistance and Diabetes in Obese C57BL/6 Mice

Conclusions. Murine C. pneumoniae infection enhanced insulin resistance development in a genetically and nutritionally restricted manner via circulating mediators. The relevance for the current human diabetes epidemic remains to be determined, but this finding is potentially important because of the high prevalence of human C. pneumoniae infection worldwide. (Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases Latest Issue)

top  

  Rational dosing of antimicrobial agents: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic strategies.

CONCLUSION: Optimizing the dose and duration of antimicrobial therapy via PK/PD principles is one strategy to reduce antimicrobial resistance. PK/PD-based dosing provides patient- and pathogen-specific therapy and have the potential to make antimicrobial therapy safer and more effective by accounting for factors such as renal function, underlying pathogen, and local patterns of resistance. PMID: 19502225 [PubMed - in process] (Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : AJHP)

top  

  Prevalence of multidrug-resistant Helicobacter pylori in Bulgaria.

In conclusion, for the first time in a European country during the last 5 years, H. pylori strains harbouring a worrying quadruple antibacterial resistance were found in treated as well as in untreated patients. H. pylori susceptibility patterns have a tendency to become unpredictable and should be monitored constantly at both national and global levels. PMID: 19502370 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology)

top  

  Lack of Macrolide Resistance in Chlamydia trachomatis after Mass Azithromycin Distributions for Trachoma, K.C. Hong et al.

(Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal)

top  

  Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in pregnant women

Conclusions: It can be concluded that genital colonization with M. hominis and U. urealyticum may predispose to spontaneous abortion and low birth weight. (Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases)

top  

  Azithromycin: Hiccups: case report

(Source: Reactions)

top  

  Acute Chlamydia pneumoniae Reinfection Accelerates the Development of Insulin Resistance and Diabetes in Obese C57BL/6 Mice

Conclusions. Murine C. pneumoniae infection enhanced insulin resistance development in a genetically and nutritionally restricted manner via circulating mediators. The relevance for the current human diabetes epidemic remains to be determined, but this finding is potentially important because of the high prevalence of human C. pneumoniae infection worldwide. (Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases Latest Issue)

top  

  Azithromycin: Hiccups: case report.

Page: 9 (Source: Reactions Weekly)

top  

  From prescription-only to over-the-counter medicines ('PoM to P'): time for an intermediate category

Background Increasing numbers of medicines are being made available over the counter in the UK, by purchase in a pharmacy or from other less well-regulated outlets. When this is allowed by the Licensing Authority, it is often subject to certain restrictions. However, some drugs that could usefully be converted from prescription-only medicines (PoM status) to over-the-counter sales in a pharmacy (P status) are not suitable for full over-the-counter status, even with restrictions; and in some cases restrictions vitiate the usefulness of the medicine. Areas of agreement Drugs that can acceptably be switched from PoM status to P status include those that are used in the treatment of minor ailments or injuries, for health promotion or in palliative care. Areas of controversy However, not all ...

top  

  A comparative study of single-dose treatment of chancroid using thiamphenicol versus Azithromycin.

Authors: B Junior W, Di Chiacchio NG, Di Chiacchio N, Romiti R, Criado PR, Velho PE A study was conducted in São Paulo, Brazil, to compare azithromycin with thiamphenicol for the single-dose treatment of chancroid. In all, 54 men with chancroid were tested. The etiology was determined by clinical characterization and direct bacterioscopy with Gram staining. None of the patients had positive serology or dark-field examination indicating active infection with Treponema pallidum. Genital infections due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and herpes simplex virus were excluded by polymerase chain reaction testing. For 54 patients with chancroid, cure rates with single-dose treatment were 73% with azithromycin and 89% with thiamphenicol. HIV seropositivity was found to be associated with treatmen...

top  

  Efficacy of Total Lymphoid Irradiation in Azithromycin Nonresponsive Chronic Allograft Rejection After Lung Transplantation

Abstract: Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) remains a major problem after lung transplantation. Azithromycin seems to be beneficial in some patients with established BOS. We investigated the efficacy of total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) in 6 BOS patients with a continuous decline in FEV1, despite treatment with azithromycin for a mean of 12 ± 13 (range, 1–35) months. A historical control group consisted of 5 patients with declining FEV1, also nonresponders to azithromycin and those not treated with TLI. All 6 TLI patients received the total dose of 8 Gy in 10 sessions. There was a significant change in the decline of the FEV1 after TLI treatment (from 221 ± 107 to 94 ± 79 mL/mo; P = .041). Three patients died, due to BOS progression, overwhelming pneumonia, and sudden cardiac arr...

top  

  Treatment of nursing home-acquired pneumonia.

Authors: Mills K, Graham AC, Winslow BT, Springer KL Pneumonia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in nursing home residents, with 30-day mortality rates ranging from 10 to 30 percent. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of nursing home-acquired pneumonia, although Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative organisms may be more common in severe cases. Antibiotic therapy for nursing home-acquired pneumonia should target a broad range of organisms, and drug-resistant microbes should be considered when making treatment decisions. In the nursing home setting, treatment should consist of an antipneumococcal fluoroquinolone alone or either a high-dose beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor or a second- or third-generation cephalosporin, in combination with azithromycin...

top  

  Occupational airborne contact dermatitis from azithromycin

(Source: Clinical And Experimental Dermatology)

top  

  A double-blind trial of adjunctive azithromycin in individuals with schizophrenia who are seropositive for Toxoplasma gondii

This study is a clinical trial in schizophrenia of adjunctive azithromycin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic with anti-Toxoplasma activity that is commonly used for the treatment of respiratory infections. (Source: Schizophrenia Research)

top  

  FDA Safety Changes: Zithromax, Frova, Lexiscan

The FDA has approved safety labeling revisions for azithromycin tablets and oral suspension (Zithromax), frovatriptan succinate tablets (Frova), and regadenoson injection (Lexiscan). Medscape Medical News (Source: Medscape Medical News Headlines)

top  

Top Viagra Store

A first shop in the series of one-pill shops is rightfully viagra-targeted. The index page offers only Viagra, both generic and original.It is possible to purchase other ED products from other pagers, but the main accent is on Viagra.

top-viagra-store.com

Indian Meds

A most recent indian-themed, ethnic site. Includes generic and original (brand) products. al our standard navigational tools and support options are available. This site converts nicely on general pharmaceutical traffic as it has products for vurtually any need.

indianmeds.org

Friendly ED Pharmacy

Many ED customers are anxious about the status their orders. This special friendly site is here to solve the problem. "State of the art" design features high usability and clearly visible support options. All this helps to satisfy even the most demanding customer and results in increased sales ratio.

friendly-ed-pharmacy.com

Popular ED Products

This ED site offers simplistic design that gets right to the point - this IS the site for ED. Popular ED list the top selling products and converts best on ED-targeted, pill-specific traffic.

popular-ed-products.com

Perfect ED Store

This site is just right for ED customers. All ED products are conveniently listed at main page, allowing to make an easy choice. Our regular Sample Pills Offer is emphasized here. Customers can try new products and are likely to return for more refills.

perfect-ed-store.com

Worlds Best Pharmacy

The name says it all. This is the best online pharmacy on the web. The index page is set to show the most polular ED products, while the menu and quicksearch allow to find products in other categories.

worlds-best-pharmacy.com

Delhi Drugs

This Indian-themed site offers a completely new design. All our generic products are availabe and can easily be located with the help of quicksearch feature. Includes our latest shopping engine and billing page.

www.delhi-drugs.com

Indian Generics

Many customers are looking for Indian drugs, and this site is designed specifically for such customers. It includes many generic products, modern design, translated into 7 languages and prices in both USD and Euros. Also it uses our latest shopping engine and billing page.

www.indian-generics.com